Cognitive psychologist and bestselling author Dr. Daniel Willingham shares strategies from his book on applying cognitive science to education. Topics include debunking learning styles, retrieval practice, helping students solve math problems, using notes effectively, and overcoming setbacks.
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Quick takeaways
Learning styles theory is not supported by scientific evidence and does not determine success in education.
Memory retention is influenced by the types of cognitive processes and thinking involved in the learning experience.
Retrieval practice, which involves recalling information from memory, improves memory retention and understanding.
Deep dives
Learning styles do not exist
Dr. Dan Willingham addresses the learning styles myth, explaining that there is no scientific evidence to support the idea that people have a preferred learning style. While individuals may have different abilities, learning styles theory suggests a preference for how to approach tasks, which does not align with scientific evidence. Numerous tests of learning styles theories have been conducted, yielding no substantial support. Educators spend significant time and energy trying to accommodate different learning styles, but this is not supported by scientific evidence. It is important for students and teachers to understand that learning styles do not determine success.
Memory is the residue of thought
The podcast episode delves into the concept that memory is the residue of thought. What individuals are thinking about at the time of an experience plays a significant role in memory retention. Simply wanting to remember something does not guarantee success. Instead, the type of cognitive processes and thinking involved in the experience are crucial. The analogy of understanding concepts using examples is highlighted. It is easier to remember and comprehend new ideas when they are placed within familiar contexts. By understanding the concept of memory as the residue of thought, individuals can approach learning in a more effective and strategic manner.
The importance and benefits of retrieval practice
The podcast episode delves into the benefits of retrieval practice as a learning strategy. Retrieval practice, which involves recalling information from memory, improves memory retention and understanding. It is highlighted that individuals often underestimate the impact of multitasking and distractions on their learning. While some activities like background music may have a neutral or positive effect on energy and mood, distractions generally interfere with learning. The importance of persistence and reflecting on setbacks is emphasized to counteract negative emotional reactions and catastrophic thinking. By adopting effective learning strategies and maintaining a growth mindset, individuals can enhance their learning experiences and overcome challenges.
The cycle of learning and developing interest
The podcast discusses the cycle of learning and developing interest in a subject. While initial interest can enhance motivation, it is highlighted that interest can also be cultivated through the process of learning and understanding. By entering the cycle at any point, individuals can develop an appreciation and enjoyment for a subject matter, even if they initially find it boring or challenging. The importance of curiosity, exploration, and exposure to new ideas is emphasized as essential for fostering ongoing interest and lifelong learning. It is noted that learning is not limited to specific interests, but can be expanded through continuous engagement and an open mindset.
Closing the gap between cognitive science and education
The podcast acknowledges the gap between cognitive science research and its integration into educational practice. While cognitive science provides valuable insights into effective learning strategies, many educators remain unfamiliar with this research. The need to bridge the gap and increase awareness of evidence-based approaches to teaching and learning is emphasized. By incorporating cognitive science principles into instructional practices, educators can enhance student learning and engagement. The importance of ongoing professional development and collaboration between researchers and educators is highlighted to ensure effective application of cognitive science research.
In Episode 16, Anna Stokke talks to cognitive psychologist and bestselling author Dr. Daniel Willingham. Dan shares some of the strategies in his latest book, "Outsmart Your Brain: Why Learning Is Hard and How You Can Make It Easy."
They begin by addressing the learning styles myth. They discuss what constitutes retrieval practice in a math context and why retrieval practice is more effective than simply reading. They talk about how to help students recognize and solve variations in math problems, how to get students to use notes effectively, and distractions that hinder learning, such as cell phones and multitasking. He also offers some advice for when students face setbacks. Some of the discussion is geared towards high school or post-secondary students and their instructors, but the conversation will be useful and interesting for anyone who teaches or is interested in human learning.
