Science Weekly What does it take to make a nuclear weapon?
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Jul 1, 2025 
Robin Grimes, a Professor of Materials Physics at Imperial College London and former chief scientific advisor for the UK’s Ministry of Defence, delves into the complexities of nuclear weapons in this insightful discussion. He explains the challenging process of uranium enrichment necessary for weaponization. Grimes also addresses the significant geopolitical tensions surrounding Iran's nuclear program and the implications of recent military actions targeting its facilities. He advocates for diplomacy as a crucial strategy in managing these intricate international issues.
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Uranium Enrichment Explained
- Uranium-235 is only 0.7% of natural uranium and must be enriched to 80-90% for weapons use.
- This is done by centrifuges spinning at 50,000 RPM separating isotopes by tiny mass differences repeatedly in cascades.
Most Enrichment Work Is Early
- Enriching uranium to 60% means 90% of the work to reach weapon-grade is done.
- The amount of material also reduces as uranium-235 concentration rises during enrichment.
IAEA's Role in Nuclear Monitoring
- The IAEA enforces nuclear treaties by ensuring countries uphold their commitments.
- They monitor reactors and materials to prevent diversion for weapons purposes.