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Ideology's Origins
- Ideology's first use, pre-Marx, wasn't about a reversal of ideas and material circumstances.
- Marx and Engels introduced this reversal concept, giving ideology a negative connotation.
Althusser's Ideology
- Althusser posits that ideology isn't hidden but a surface representation of our imagined relationship to reality.
- It constitutes individuals as subjects, giving a sense of agency, though this can be problematic.
Escaping Ideology?
- Althusser believes escaping ideology is impossible; being outside is only possible through theoretical distance.
- Žižek suggests ideology offers social reality as an escape from a traumatic "real kernel."