Gone Medieval Prophet Muhammad
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Oct 24, 2025 
In this insightful discussion, historian John Tolan, author of "Islam, A New History from Muhammad to the Present," delves into the life and legacy of Prophet Muhammad. He examines the key sources that shape our understanding of Muhammad's early life in Mecca, his pivotal revelations, and the challenges he faced. Tolan also explores his transformation from a spiritual leader to a political figure in Medina, touching on significant events like the Hijra and the early caliphal crisis. The conversation highlights the shared roots of Abrahamic faiths and the evolving perceptions of Muhammad over the centuries.
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Source Limits Shape Muhammad's Biography
- The earliest sources on Muhammad are the Quran and later oral traditions (hadith and sira) compiled about two centuries after his death.
- That gap makes reconstructing a precise biography difficult and requires cautious interpretation of legendary or partisan material.
Two-Phase Revelation Model
- The Quran's revelations divide into Meccan (c.610–622) and Medinan (c.622–632) periods with distinct emphases.
- Meccan surahs stress strict monotheism, imminent judgment, and care for the poor, while Medinan revelations introduce community law and governance.
Quran Builds On Shared Biblical Memory
- The Quran assumes listeners already know biblical stories, implying wide familiarity with Jewish and Christian narratives in Arabia.
- Muhammad presents himself as a prophet in continuity with figures like Noah, Abraham and Jesus, not as founder of a novel religion.
