In this episode, Emily Monosson, an expert in deadly fungal infections, discusses the potential dangers of fungi and their impact on wildlife, crops, and humans. They explore the concept of cordyceps and its influence on 'The Last of Us', as well as the risk of a fungal pandemic. The chapter also highlights the diverse kingdom of fungi and the challenges of cleanliness in space.
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Quick takeaways
Climate change and human activity have played a role in the emergence and spread of deadly fungal pathogens, posing a significant challenge to healthcare and food production.
Fungal pathogens have caused devastation in ecosystems and pose a pressing concern due to their drug resistance, resilience, and ubiquitous presence.
Deep dives
Emergence of Candida auris: A Newly Emergent Fungal Pathogen
Candida auris is a newly emergent yeast that has raised concerns in the healthcare community due to its high mortality rate and resistance to antifungal drugs. It primarily affects immunocompromised individuals in long-term healthcare settings. The emergence of this pathogen in various parts of the world at the same time suggests an environmental origin. Climate change may have played a role in allowing this yeast to adapt to warmer temperatures, thus enabling it to infect humans. The overlap of the COVID-19 pandemic provided additional opportunities for the spread of Candida auris. This pathogen poses a significant challenge due to its drug resistance, resilience, and ability to spread through surface contact.
Impact of Human Activity on Fungal Pathogens
Human activity has contributed to the spread and emergence of various fungal pathogens. The introduction of pathogens to new environments, often through global trade and travel, exposes susceptible hosts that lack natural defenses against these pathogens. Monocultures in agriculture make crops more vulnerable to fungal infections, leading to devastating consequences for food production. Additionally, transportation mechanisms, such as ballast water from ships, can inadvertently transport fungal spores to new locations, disrupting ecosystems. Increased awareness and conservation of genetic diversity can help mitigate the risks posed by fungal pathogens.
Fungal Infections in Space: Roommates on the International Space Station
Even in space, fungal infections can occur. The confined living conditions of the International Space Station provide an opportunity for fungi to thrive. Although rigorous cleaning protocols are in place, it remains challenging to completely sterilize the station due to the presence of human occupants. Fungi can hitch a ride on humans and their belongings, leading to a persistent mold problem. The discovery of fungi in space highlights the resilience and adaptability of these organisms, even in extreme environments.
The Threat and Impact of Fungal Pathogens
Fungal pathogens pose a significant threat to human and environmental health. With approximately 1.6 million deaths attributed to fungal infections annually, these pathogens surpass the mortality rates of diseases like malaria and tuberculosis. Fungal pathogens have caused devastation in various ecosystems, leading to the decline of frog populations, bat populations, and even the loss of entire tree species. The triple threat of drug resistance, resilience, and ubiquitous presence makes fungal pathogens a pressing concern that requires further research, awareness, and conservation efforts.
How likely is the fungal infection in The Last of Us? The one that takes over human brains and brings humanity to the brink of extinction, could something like that really happen?
In this episode we sit down with Emily Monosson, an expert on deadly fungal infections, and discuss the handful of fungi (we know of) that are today, right now, causing catastrophic declines in wildlife, eradicating trees, destroying crops, and increasingly impacting humans.
Monsoon explains that many in the field worry that fungi are an underestimated threat and that our actions are causing an increase in invasive and deadly fungal epidemics. We explore what is at stake, why this is happening now, and what we can do to prevent future outbreaks.