Dan Snow's History Hit Richard II vs Henry IV
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Oct 19, 2025 
Helen Castor, an expert on medieval and Tudor history, delves into the tumultuous rivalry between Richard II and his cousin Henry IV. She highlights Richard's sheltered upbringing and the challenges of his rule, alongside Henry's contrasting practical education that shaped his ambitions. The conversation explores the Peasants' Revolt, Richard's dramatic leadership moments, and the political fallout leading to his downfall. Castor also details the intrigue of Henry's return from exile, culminating in Richard's abdication and the surprising consequences for English monarchy.
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The Personal Nature Of Medieval Kingship
- Medieval kingship combined military leadership and judicial authority as a single personal role.
- A monarch's personality therefore crucially shaped national stability and policy.
Peasants' Revolt Cemented Richard's Self-Image
- Richard's encounter with the 1381 Peasants' Revolt reinforced his sense of sacred, personal authority.
- That moment deepened his tendency to view nobles as obstacles rather than partners.
John Ferrer Saved Young Henry In 1381
- In 1381 Henry was sheltering in the Tower and almost killed; a Kentish smallholder, John Ferrer, saved him.
- Henry later remembered and pardoned Ferrer for that kindness decades after the event.
