Zai Liang. "From Chinatown to Every Town: How Chinese Immigrants Have Expanded the Restaurant Business in the United States" (U California Press, 2023)
Feb 7, 2025
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Zai Liang, a sociology professor at SUNY Albany and author of "From Chinatown to Every Town," delves into the fascinating evolution of Chinese immigration in America, particularly its impact on the restaurant industry. He discusses the shift from traditional Chinatowns to new immigrant destinations, driven by employment agencies and innovative transportation like Chinatown buses. Liang also highlights the cultural exchange between Chinese entrepreneurs and mainstream businesses, and the vital community ties that persist despite geographic changes.
Chinese immigrants are increasingly relocating from urban centers like Chinatown to rural areas, reflecting evolving settlement patterns in the U.S.
Employment agencies and Chinatown bus services play crucial roles in facilitating this migration, enhancing economic mobility and community connections.
Deep dives
The Expansion of Chinese Immigration in the U.S.
Chinese immigration in the United States has evolved significantly, moving beyond traditional urban centers like New York City's Chinatown to a broader range of new destinations across the country. The shift commenced in the 1990s when researchers began to note that immigrants were leaving their original hubs to settle in smaller towns and rural areas, particularly in the southern United States. This migration pattern reflects both the saturation of traditional restaurant markets in urban settings and the desire for the potential economic benefits found in less competitive environments. The growing trend highlights the dynamic nature of immigrant integration and the developing networks that support Chinese communities in these new locales.
The Role of Employment Agencies
Employment agencies have emerged as vital resources for new immigrants seeking job opportunities outside of traditional immigrant enclaves. These agencies offer a market-based job search process that allows individuals to explore job offers without the constraints of personal networks that could limit their economic mobility. Workers can access a range of job postings and receive assistance in finding suitable employment, which ultimately aids their transition into new communities. The agencies also facilitate the transportation process, often guiding immigrants to utilize services such as Chinatown buses to connect them with employment opportunities across the country.
Chinatown Bus Services Facilitate Mobility
The development of Chinatown bus services has significantly impacted the mobility of Chinese immigrants by providing affordable and accessible transportation options. Initially created to meet the needs of immigrants and their families traveling to and from educational institutions, these bus lines quickly adapted to the growing demand for intercity travel among those seeking work. The convenience of these services not only alleviates logistical challenges for jobseekers but also promotes further migration to new areas, contributing to the establishment of new Chinese restaurants and businesses. This transportation network has become an essential component of the immigrant experience, connecting communities and supporting economic expansion.
Social and Economic Connections Persist
Despite the physical distance that may arise as Chinese immigrants relocate, they maintain strong social, economic, and religious connections with their original communities. Social media platforms have emerged as crucial tools for staying in touch with friends and family while also providing support networks that transcend geographical boundaries. Economically, many new businesses continue to rely on supply chains based in Chinatown, utilizing local resources and services to operate effectively in their new environments. Additionally, religious organizations have adapted by moving services online or hosting conference calls, thereby ensuring that immigrants can maintain their spiritual connections even as they establish new roots far from their original homes.
From Chinatown to Every Town: How Chinese Immigrants Have Expanded the Restaurant Business in the United States (University of California Press, 2024) by Dr. Zai Liang explores the recent history of Chinese immigration within the United States and the fundamental changes in spatial settlement that have relocated many low-skilled Chinese immigrants from New York City's Chinatown to new immigrant destinations. Using a mixed-method approach over a decade in Chinatown and six destination states, sociologist Dr. Liang specifically examines how the expansion and growing popularity of Chinese restaurants has shifted settlement to more rural and faraway areas.
Dr. Liang's study demonstrates that key players such as employment agencies, Chinatown buses, and restaurant supply shops facilitate the spatial dispersion of immigrants while simultaneously maintaining vital links between Chinatown in Manhattan and new immigrant destinations.
This interview was conducted by Dr. Miranda Melcher whose new book focuses on post-conflict military integration, understanding treaty negotiation and implementation in civil war contexts, with qualitative analysis of the Angolan and Mozambican civil wars.