Mark Zeitoun, Director General of the Geneva Water Hub and expert in international water law, discusses China’s ambitious plan to construct the world’s largest hydropower dam on the Yarlung Tsangpo River. He highlights the potential energy output, which could surpass the Three Gorges Dam, while addressing concerns over ecological impacts and geopolitical tensions with neighboring countries. The conversation also explores China's broader goals for renewable energy, water management, and climate action, all of which are crucial in a rapidly changing global landscape.
China's construction of the world's largest hydropower dam reveals its ambition for energy dominance while raising environmental and resettlement concerns in Tibet.
Neighboring countries, particularly India and Bangladesh, fear that China's new dam may disrupt their water security, highlighting geopolitical tensions over shared resources.
Deep dives
China's Ambitious Hydropower Project
China is moving forward with plans to construct the world's largest hydropower dam, generating 60 gigawatts of electricity, which significantly surpasses the capacity of the existing Three Gorges Dam. This project, located in a remote area of Tibet on the Yarlang Zanpo River, showcases advanced engineering that includes long diversion tunnels to harness the river's steep gradient. Despite the excitement surrounding its design, concerns about its economic feasibility and environmental impacts are prevalent, especially considering that hundreds of people may need to be resettled due to the dam's construction. Environmentalists highlight the potential disruption to local ecosystems and the cultural significance of the river, as it harbors sacred sites impacting the identity of Tibetan communities.
Regional Tensions Over Water Security
India and Bangladesh express significant concerns regarding China's ability to control water flow from the new dam, which could affect water supply and flood risks downstream. India, as a downstream nation, fears that China may strategically manipulate water resources, which could exacerbate water shortages and drought situations. Local agriculture, particularly in Assam known for its tea production, is at risk as politicians urge the Indian government to engage diplomatically with China to safeguard their interests. While China assures that the project is designed with minimal impact for downstream states, neighboring countries remain wary of unilateral decisions that could harm their own water security.
International Water Conflicts and Diplomacy
Water resource management often leads to geopolitical disputes, as highlighted by the complexities surrounding the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam affecting Egypt and Sudan. Effective negotiation and cooperation are crucial for avoiding conflicts over water release timing, quality, and quantity, particularly when multiple countries share a river. Legal frameworks, such as international water law, offer mechanisms for dispute resolution, yet their enforcement remains a challenge without the backing of all involved parties. As water scarcity becomes a pressing global issue, countries must find cooperative solutions to manage shared water resources equitably, preventing tensions that may arise from unilateral dam constructions like China's super dam.
China has approved the construction of what will become the world’s largest hydropower dam in Tibet. Located in the lower reaches of the Yarlung Tsangpo river, it could generate three times more energy than the Three Gorges Dam – also built by China - and currently the worlds’ biggest.
This Inquiry examines how important hydropower is for China’s economy, whether it will meet its climate goals and whether this new dam is a “safe project that prioritises ecological protection” as China claims. We look at how it’ll be built, and why some in neighbouring countries have concerns.
Presenter: Charmaine Cozier
Producer: Vicky Carter
Researcher: Katie Morgan
Production Co-ordinator: Liam Morrey
Technical producer: Craig Boardman
Editor: Tara McDermott
Contributors:
Brian Eyler, Director of the Energy, Water and Sustainability Programme at the Stimson Center, Washington DC
Neeraj Singh Manhas, special advisor for South Asia at the Parley Policy Initiative, South Korea & Subject Matter Expert at the Centre for Joint Warfare Studies, HQ IDS, Ministry of Defence, Government of India
Prof Mark Zeitoun, Director General of the Geneva Water Hub and professor of Water Diplomacy at the Geneva Graduate Institute, Switzerland
Prof Cecilia Tortajada, Social and Environmental Sustainability at the University of Glasgow, Adjunct senior research fellow Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, Singapore
Image credit: China News Service via Getty Images
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