Thomas Hobbes, a 17th-century political philosopher, explores the need for surrendering individual freedom to a powerful sovereign for societal order post the English Civil War. Discussed are his radical views on human nature, the symbolism in his Leviathan, and the concept of fear as the foundation of political theory.
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Quick takeaways
Hobbes advocates for absolute sovereignty to prevent chaos in the state of nature.
Hobbes challenges traditional morality, asserting subjective definitions of goodness in Leviathan.
Deep dives
Hobbes' Absolutist Political Theory
Thomas Hobbes' political theory revolves around the idea that individuals should submit to one all-powerful sovereign to avoid the chaos and violence of the state of nature. Through works like Leviathan, Hobbes argues that it is rational to relinquish all rights to a single sovereign, whether an individual or a group, to establish order and prevent perpetual conflict.
Hobbes' Unconventional Religion and Moral Philosophy
In Leviathan, Hobbes presents a radical view of religion and morality, asserting that goodness is defined by what individuals perceive as good for themselves. He rejects the existence of spiritual beings and emphasizes a materialist conception of being, challenging traditional ideas of objective morality. This perspective, which eliminates the possibility of objective right and wrong, was seen as subversive and heretical during Hobbes' time.
Hobbes' Theory of Political Obligation and Consent
Hobbes' theory on political obligation centers on the concept of fear and protection. He argues that individuals consent to authority, even under fear, for the sake of self-preservation and peace. Hobbes' justification for authority lies in its ability to inspire both fear and protection, maintaining that a government's legitimacy is derived from its capacity to safeguard individuals, regardless of the methods employed.
Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the great 17th century political philosopher Thomas Hobbes who argued: "During the time men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, they are in that condition which is called war; and such a war as is of every man against every man". For Hobbes, the difference between order and disorder was stark. In the state of nature, ungoverned man lived life in "continual fear, and danger of violent death". The only way out of this "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short" existence, he said, was to relinquish all your freedom and submit yourself to one all powerful absolute sovereign. Hobbes' proposal, contained in his controversial and now classic text, Leviathan, was written just as England was readjusting to life after the Civil War and the rule of Oliver Cromwell. In fact, in his long life Hobbes’ allegiance switched from Charles I to Cromwell and back to Charles II. But how did the son of a poor clergyman end up as the most radical thinker of his day? Why did so many of Hobbes' ideas run counter to the prevailing fondness for constitutionalism with a limited monarchy? And why is he regarded by so many political philosophers as an important theorist when so few find his ideas convincing? With Quentin Skinner, Regius Professor of History at the University of Cambridge; David Wootton, Professor of History at the University of York; Annabel Brett, Senior Lecturer in Political Thought and Intellectual History at Cambridge University.
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