Controversies Surrounding Exercise and Longevity

The relationship between exercise and longevity is complex and fraught with controversies regarding causation. Much of the existing research relies on observational studies, which struggle to establish clear cause-and-effect links between physical activity and reduced mortality rates. For instance, a notable study of London bus drivers versus conductors initially suggested an exercise-related longevity benefit, only to be complicated by the bus drivers' heavier physique. Additionally, factors such as socioeconomic status and genetics obscure the direct correlation, as even successful athletes from higher status backgrounds tend to have longer lifespans irrespective of exercise levels.