157: Temperance, Prohibition, and the Path to the 18th Amendment
Jun 3, 2024
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Dive into the fervent world of temperance and Prohibition! Discover how groups like the American Temperance Society and the Women's Christian Temperance Union rallied against alcohol consumption, driven by social reform and domestic violence concerns. Meet Carrie Nation, armed with bricks, as she famously smashed saloons. Explore the brewing industry's attempts to defend its place in American culture and the strategic rise of the Anti-Saloon League, leading to the transformative 18th Amendment. This tale intertwines morality, activism, and the complexities of a nation grappling with its vices.
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Quick takeaways
The temperance movement evolved in early America as various groups, notably women, sought to mitigate the negative impact of rampant alcohol consumption on families and society.
Carrie Nation's aggressive activism through 'hatchetations' symbolized the fervent public opposition to saloons, highlighting the intersection of moral conviction and direct action in the fight for prohibition.
The Anti-Saloon League, under Wayne B. Wheeler, demonstrated the power of political advocacy and grassroots mobilization, ultimately leading to the ratification of the 18th Amendment in 1919.
Deep dives
Carrie Nation's Vigilante Activism
Carrie Nation gained notoriety for her aggressive campaign against saloons, believing it was divinely ordained for her to act against alcohol consumption. On June 7, 1900, she dramatically entered a saloon in Kiowa, Kansas, armed with bricks, declaring her intent to smash the illegal establishments violating local prohibition laws. Her actions included throwing bricks at mirrors and bottles, showcasing her determination to eliminate places she viewed as centers of sin, regardless of public opinion. Nation's fervor led to her numerous arrests and a personal transformation from activism with bricks to wielding a hatchet, coining her tactics as 'hatchetations.'
Historical Context of Alcohol Consumption
The podcast outlines the cultural history of alcohol in early America, where consumption was pervasive, and drinking was an accepted social norm. Notable figures like John Adams and George Washington partook in regular drinking, highlighting the acceptance of alcohol's role in society during the colonial era. As consumption peaked with an average of seven gallons of pure alcohol per person annually by 1830, the negative implications of drinking began to surface, leading to the emergence of temperance movements aimed at moderation or total abstinence. This pyramidal structure of acceptance followed the peaks and valleys of drinking culture in American society, setting the stage for future reforms.
Rise of the Temperance Movement
The temperance movement in America gained momentum through organizations like the American Temperance Society and the Washingtonians in the early 19th century, advocating for reduced alcohol consumption and moral reform. The movement divided over the approach, with some advocating for moderation and others pushing for total abstinence, reflecting societal variations on alcohol's impact. By the 1830s, the causes converged during the Second Great Awakening, where religious revivals fueled the temperance push, culminating in institutions focusing on aiding alcoholics rather than merely advocating abstinence. This diverts attention to the socio-economic conditions and the integration of alcohol into urban life, which further complicated efforts towards reform.
Empowerment of Women in the Temperance Movement
In the late 19th century, women became key figures in the temperance movement, leading initiatives to confront saloons that negatively impacted families. The Women's Christian Temperance Union emerged from earlier movements, advocating not only for prohibition but also women's rights, social reforms, and education on alcohol's dangers. Their resolve was showcased during events like the Women's Crusade, where large groups of women marched and confronted saloon owners, providing direct pressure for change. This new activism gave women a platform to address broader social issues like domestic violence and economic hardship, reshaping their role in society.
The Anti-Saloon League's Political Strategy
The Anti-Saloon League emerged as a formidable force for prohibition, distinguishing itself from previous movements by focusing exclusively on outlawing liquor through political advocacy. Under the leadership of Wayne B. Wheeler, the ASL developed sophisticated pressure tactics, mobilizing grassroots campaigns and leveraging media to secure dry votes. Their strategy effectively aligned with shifting public sentiments, particularly during World War I when anti-German sentiments heightened the focus on prohibition as a patriotic duty. By the time the 18th Amendment was ratified in 1919, the ASL had successfully established itself as a critical player in shaping U.S. alcohol policy, demonstrating the organization's power in American politics.
“Farewell, you good-for-nothing, God-forsaken, iniquitous, bleary-eyed, bloated-faced old imp of perdition, farewell!”
This is the story of the path to prohibition.
Early America drinks a lot – I mean, A LOT. Alcohol doesn’t give you dysentery, it’s used as a medicine, and in the first decades of the Republic, whiskey is cheaper than coffee or tea. But some are starting to think that maybe Uncle Sam needs an intervention. First, it's the American Temperance Society, then the Washingtonians, and by the late-nineteenth-century, it’s the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union. These ladies are particularly keen to see the nation lay off the bottle, particularly as drunk men are laying their paychecks on saloon bars and fists on their wives and children. But no one is perhaps more invested or influential than the Anti-Saloon League’s Wayne B. Wheeler.
From Founding Father Luther Martin’s likely drunken appearance before the Supreme Court, to Carrie Nation busting up saloons with a hatchet, and Wayne Wheeler proving himself a master lobbyist and king-making in Congress, this is the “how” and “why” behind the US Constitution’s 18th Amendment.