Human Conditions: ‘The Human Condition’ by Hannah Arendt
Apr 10, 2024
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Renowned philosopher and gender theorist Judith Butler discusses Hannah Arendt's 'The Human Condition'. They explore the innovative approach to action, Arendt's relevance and shortcomings, surprising turns in the book, and the transformative power of forgiveness.
Arendt defines action as the highest human activity, emphasizing collaborative expression and initiating change.
Arendt challenges conventional notions of individualistic freedom by advocating for collective action and embracing unpredictability in human agency.
Deep dives
Hannah Arendt's Background and Influences
Hannah Arendt, born in 1906 in Lyndon, Germany, developed a philosophy resonating with anti-authoritarianism due to her troubling relationship with philosopher Martin Heidegger. Fleeing to France in 1933 and later to the US, Arendt gained intellectual eminence in political philosophy, critiquing racism, imperialism, and revolutions. Despite initial involvement with the Zionist movement, she evolved into a critic, highlighting the plight of stateless refugees like Palestinians, influencing reflections on authoritarianism and political engagement.
The Essence of The Human Condition
Arendt's book 'The Human Condition' delves into the core principles of labor, work, and action shaping human existence, particularly highlighting the concept of 'natality' or the potential for new beginnings through human endeavors. Despite its intricate structure and abstract nature, the book presents a critical analysis of human activities and their impact on the world, drawing inspiration from events like the 1956 Hungarian Revolution. Arendt emphasizes the importance of collective action and freedom amidst constraints, challenging conventional notions of individualistic freedom.
Arendt's Philosophical Innovations and Reflections on Political Action
Arendt's departure from state sovereignty concepts in her work indicates a shift towards understanding collective action outside established state frameworks, emphasizing plurality and freedom within collaborative endeavors. By focusing on civil disobedience, revolutions, and the unpredictability of human agency in political action, Arendt rejects deterministic historical interpretations and materialistic reductionism. She advocates for embracing the unpredictability and agency inherent in human action to preserve the essence of freedom and rebellion.
In the fourth episode of Human Conditions, the last of the series with Judith Butler, we fittingly turn to The Human Condition (1956). Hannah Arendt defines action as the highest form of human activity: distinct from work and labour, action includes collaborative expression, collective decision-making and, crucially, initiating change. Focusing on the chapter on action, Judith joins Adam to explain why they consider this approach so innovative and incisive. Together, they discuss Arendt’s continued relevance and shortcomings, The Human Condition’s many surprising and baffling turns, and the transformative power of forgiveness.
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Judith Butler is Distinguished Professor in the Graduate School at the University of California, Berkeley, and Adam Shatz is the the LRB's US editor and author of, most recently, The Rebel's Clinic: The Revolutionary Lives of Frantz Fanon.