Construction and Functionality of Galileo's Telescope

Galileo's telescope was constructed using a combination of convex and concave lenses, with a tube to align them and eliminate extraneous light. The optimal focal lengths for the lenses were approximately 18 inches for the convex lens and six inches for the concave lens, resulting in a basic magnification of three times. The design included a trumpet-shaped end for easier lens polishing, allowing for sharper focus on distant objects. These innovations were crucial in enabling early users to observe celestial phenomena, significantly enhancing the clarity and detail of their views compared to previously used straight tubes.