Big Think How evolution creates problem-solving machines | Michael Levin
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Aug 31, 2025 
Biologist Michael Levin dives into the fascinating world of evolution, highlighting how it doesn't just fix but reinvent problems. Known for his work with Picasso tadpoles and bioelectrical signaling, Levin reveals that evolution crafts adaptable 'problem-solving machines' that can thrive amidst change. He contrasts traditional engineering approaches, discussing how signals guide complex biological behaviors, and explores the astounding robustness of organisms in overcoming environmental challenges.
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Evolution As Problem-Solving Machines
- Evolution builds problem-solving machines rather than fixed solutions to specific environments.
- Hierarchical biological systems adapt without detailed instructions by higher levels.
Picasso Tadpoles Build Eyes Anywhere
- Levin describes experiments that make tadpoles develop eyes in novel body locations using bioelectrical signals.
- The cells build functional eyes from a high-level signal without engineering detailed anatomy.
Give High-Level Directives, Not Micromanagement
- Use high-level triggers to change goal-directed behavior rather than micromanaging details.
- Let lower-level biological processes handle implementation after resetting their setpoints.