Explore the contrasting experiences of Red Lake and Leech Lake Native American communities in Minnesota and the gradual erosion of their land and independence. Learn about the history and migration of the Ojibwe people and the impact of the allotment act of 1887. Discover the negotiations at Red Lake in 1889 and the efforts of Red Lake leaders to preserve their unallotted reservation land. Delve into the conflicts over fishing rights, the concept of tribal sovereignty, and the importance of preserving the Ojibwe language and culture through the Indagini-Tawi-Ging School.
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Quick takeaways
The Red Lake Band of Ojibwe owns all of its land, providing a level of independence that is almost unparalleled, highlighting the impact of the legal assault on Native people.
The migration of Ojibwe people from the East Coast to the Great Lakes region, guided by prophets, was a slow and intentional process, but the US government's expansion westward and the assassination of Whole in the Day changed the course of history for the Red Lake and Leech Lake reservations.
Deep dives
The Fight for Tribal Land: A Tale of Red Lake and Leech Lake Reservations
Roger Jordane, the first elected tribal chairman of Red Lake Band of Ojibwe, fought against pressures on tribal land. Red Lake Band of Ojibwe owns all of its land, providing a level of independence that is almost unparalleled. On the other hand, Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe owns less than 5% of their reservation. The difference in land ownership between the two tribes highlights the impact of the legal assault on Native people, which slowly stripped away their land and independence. The story of Red Lake and Leech Lake reservations demonstrates the devastating consequences of allotment and reveals their different paths and the challenges they face today.
The Journey of Ojibwe People and the Impact of Manifest Destiny
The migration of Ojibwe people from the East Coast to the Great Lakes region, guided by prophets, is a key part of their history. The migration was a slow and intentional process, spanning centuries and thousands of miles. The Ojibwe people negotiated deals with neighboring groups and European settlers, but as the US government expanded westward, they faced increased pressure to consolidate into a single Ojibwe nation. Whole in the Day, a prominent Ojibwe leader, tried to unite the Ojibwe people but his assassination led to the loss of more Ojibwe land and the growth of the timber industry, changing the course of history for the Red Lake and Leech Lake reservations.
Allotment and its Consequences on Leech Lake Reservation
Allotment, a federal policy that divided reservation land into privately owned parcels, had a significant impact on the Leech Lake Reservation. The Nelson Act of 1889 ensured that the most valuable land would be leased or sold to settlers, while Ojibwe people would eventually have to pay property taxes on their own land. Corruption and fraud accompanied the process, leading to the loss of land and limited tribal government control. Today, despite tourism and economic activities, around 40% of the Leech Lake Band members live below the poverty line, highlighting the ongoing challenges stemming from allotment.
Preservation of Land and Language at Red Lake Reservation
The Red Lake Reservation stands out from most other reservations due to its exceptional land ownership and preservation of language and culture. Through negotiations with the US government in 1889, the Red Lake Band of Ojibwe retained control of Upper and Lower Red Lake and the surrounding forest. This unallotted, continuous reservation has fostered a sense of sovereignty and cultural identity among Red Lake Band members. Today, Red Lake Reservation maintains control over its land, implements rights of nature principles, and operates an Ojibwe language immersion school that celebrates its rich cultural heritage.
The word "reservation" implies "reserved" – as in, this land is reserved for Native Americans. But most reservation land actually isn't owned by tribes. Instead it's checkerboarded into private farmland, federal forests, summer camps, even resorts. That's true for the Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe in northern Minnesota, where the tribe owns just a tiny fraction of its reservation land. But just northwest of Leech Lake is Red Lake: one of the only reservations in the country where the tribe owns all of its land. So what happened? In this episode, we take a road trip through Leech Lake and Red Lake to tell a tale of two tribal nations, the moments of choice that led them down very different paths, and what the future looks like from where they are now