110 | What is Liberalism? Part VI. Possessive Individualism and the Collapsing Order
Apr 2, 2025
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Dive into the intriguing world of possessive individualism, where individual freedom clashes with market-driven society. Explore how C.B. Macpherson critiques liberalism's roots, revealing tensions between private property and social cohesion. Enjoy a humorous take on philosophical discourse while grappling with class conflicts and the quest for equity. Amidst disillusionment in the current political climate, the conversation raises the question: can liberalism survive its growing contradictions? Get ready for a thought-provoking reflection on the potential futures of our societies!
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Quick takeaways
C.B. Macpherson's concept of possessive individualism reveals how modern identity is shaped by ownership and market relations.
The emergence of class antagonisms within liberalism destabilizes social cohesion, threatening the stability of democratic structures.
Macpherson's critique urges a reevaluation of social obligations to maintain a viable political order beyond mere market dynamics.
Deep dives
Possessive Individualism and Liberal Society
Possessive individualism, as articulated by C.B. McPherson, describes a modern individual defined by proprietorship, where freedom arises from self-ownership and contractual social relations. This perspective marks a shift from medieval collectivism to a landscape where society is perceived as a composition of individualists engaged in market interactions. Individuals are not embedded within communal obligations but instead operate as self-interested proprietors, leading to a political structure founded on their rights to private property. This transformation suggests that individual freedom is inherently linked to the idea of owning oneself and one's capabilities, reshaping our understanding of social dynamics.
The Class Dynamics within Liberalism
McPherson emphasizes that the liberal framework, while initially fostering individual freedoms, also engenders class conflict due to the competition between different socio-economic groups. He argues that in the 17th and 18th centuries, cohesion was maintained by a singular class, the gentry, allowing liberalism to thrive under a guise of equality. However, as the working class gained political consciousness, the class antagonisms that emerged began to undermine the system's stability and coherence. This intrinsic conflict exposes the limitations and contradictions within the framework of possessive individualism that is foundational to liberal democratic thought.
The Fragility of Social Cohesion
McPherson posits that any durable political order requires a degree of social cohesion that liberalism, grounded in individualism, struggles to maintain. He notes that as economic power becomes increasingly concentrated, the sense of belonging and obligation among individuals dissipates, leading to a potential breakdown of societal bonds. As individuals become detached from each other and reliant on market relationships, the foundations for a collective social contract that binds citizens together face erosion. This disintegration makes liberal democracy fragile, signaling an urgent need for a more robust framework to foster genuine social cohesion.
The Challenges of Market Society
Market society, according to McPherson, often amplifies inequalities and distorts the ideals of liberalism, leading to potential societal chaos. The competition inherent in market dynamics creates a landscape ripe for class conflict, rather than the harmonious interactions that liberalism purports to promote. As the fragility of the social order is increasingly revealed, McPherson warns against relying on market mechanisms to govern societal relations. This recognition prompts a critique of existing liberal structures and challenges contemporary thinkers to reconsider the relationship between markets and community dynamics.
Striving for a New Political Foundation
Despite recognizing the shortcomings of possessive individualism, McPherson advocates for the preservation of liberal democracy, seeking a normative grounding for its existence. He grapples with the task of reconciling the tensions between individual liberties and collective responsibility, proposing that a theoretical framework for social obligation is crucial for maintaining a legitimate polity. This pursuit raises questions about what alternative political arrangements could substitute for the disintegrating principles of market society, implying a need for renewed political engagement focused on equality and collective welfare. However, he acknowledges this endeavor as challenging, urging contemporary discourse to address the potential for organizing new forms of social cohesion beyond market relationships.
In this episode, the boys talk about C.B. Macpherson’s insightful text The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism. Macpherson holds that liberal political theory from Hobbes to Locke is correct in its premises, since like it or not we basically all are defined by our properties, living in a society almost exclusively defined by market relations—but that those same market relations engender class antagonisms that progressively undermine the possibility of durable social cohesion. He wants to save liberal theory and liberal democracies from themselves, but is there a viable way forward? You know what we think: it’s socialism or barbarism, baby! Too bad it’s looking like barbarism!!
leftofphilosophy.com
References:
C.B. Macpherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011).
Music:
“Vintage Memories” by Schematist | schematist.bandcamp.com
“My Space” by Overu | https://get.slip.stream/KqmvAN
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