This podcast explores the Roman 'curse-tablets' and their similarities with other ancient magical practices, such as Jewish incantation-bowls. It discusses the role of the Roman state and the cult of Magna Mater, as well as the itinerant priests known as the galley. The podcast also delves into the cultural practices of the gala, including ritual castration, and compares curse tablets with votive offerings in ancient traditions.
Cursed tablets were used in Roman temples as a form of communication with deities, similar to prayer.
The cult of Magna Mater, initially controversial, became domesticized in the Roman world and spread with the Roman military.
Deep dives
Temple-Based Curses: Connecting Ritual Practices
Temple-based curses, also known as cursed tablets, were inscribed thin sheets of metal used to influence people or animals through supernatural means. These curses were often found in temples related to mother goddesses, such as the Temple of Demeter in Corinth and Canidos. A temple in Roman mines, Germany, dedicated to the goddess Magna Mater, is a significant example. The curses were written on the tablets, folded or rolled up, and then deposited in fire pits. The act of melting the tablets in the fire was believed to activate the curse, bringing about the desired outcome. The connection between temple rituals and cursing practices suggests that people saw these curses as a form of communication with the deity, similar to prayer.
The Roman Cult of Magna Mater and its Origins
The cult of Magna Mater, or Great Mother, was initially brought into the Roman Pantheon in the second century BCE as part of the Roman wars. The goddess, originally from Asia Minor, was seen as a powerful deity believed to ensure Rome's victory. The cult, however, faced controversy due to practices such as ritual castration and laceration performed by the priests known as Galae. Over time, the cult became domesticized in the Roman world, and temples dedicated to Magna Mater and other Eastern deities spread along with the Roman military. These temples often moved with the military, and the indigenous people in Roman territories likely saw these deities as Roman rather than foreign.
The Intersection of Magic and Religion in Ancient Curses
The debate of whether ancient curses should be classified as magic or religion is complex. The evidence suggests that curses were seen as a legitimate form of communication with the gods, particularly in cases where legal matters were involved. While the Roman legal code deemed the use of curses illegal, lower-class individuals often turned to cursing as a means of resolving legal issues, as they lacked access to formal courts. The prevalence of cursing in institutional settings, such as temples, challenges the rigid categorization of ancient practices into strict definitions of magic or religion. It highlights the need to consider the perspectives of various social classes and marginalized groups when interpreting these practices.
We turn from the far-eastern, Jewish magic of the incantation-bowls to the far-western, polytheist magic of the Roman ‘curse-tablets’. Expect intriguing similarities across cultural divides, along with important differences. Featuring the Great Mother goddess, Isis, and a number of supporting players.
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