Dr. Simon Elliott, a leading expert in Roman history, delves into the shadowy realm of the Praetorian Guard. Initially established to protect emperors, they quickly became ruthless kingmakers, capable of deciding the fates of dynasties. Their paradoxical role as both guardians and insurrectionists reshaped imperial power dynamics. Elliott highlights their influence on figures like Vespasian and the downfall of leaders such as Commodus. The discussion also touches on how their power was ultimately dismantled by Constantine, marking a pivotal shift in Roman politics.
The Praetorian Guard, initially a protective force for the emperor, evolved into powerful kingmakers capable of determining imperial succession.
Their fluctuating loyalty demonstrated the Guard's dual role as both stabilizers and destabilizers in the political landscape of ancient Rome.
Deep dives
The Origins and Evolution of the Praetorian Guard
The Praetorian Guard was established by Augustus as a personal bodyguard to the emperor, marking the inception of an elite force within the Roman military. Created in 27 BC, this unit allowed soldiers to carry weapons within the city limits of Rome, as they operated under a unique legal framework. Over time, the Guard evolved beyond its initial role as merely a protective force, acquiring significant political influence and becoming key players in the power dynamics of the Empire. They transitioned from guardians of the emperor to players in imperial politics, often impacting succession through assassinations or by backing their preferred candidates.
Praetorian Guard and Political Instability
The relationship between the Praetorian Guard and the emperors was complex, often reflecting the stability or instability of the regime. While they successfully protected powerful emperors like Augustus and Tiberius, their loyalty would wane under weak rulers such as Caligula and Nero, leading to murders or political coups. Their role as kingmakers allowed them to leverage significant power, demonstrated when they directly assassinated emperors like Pertinax and subsequently auctioned off the imperial title. This tumultuous interaction between the Guard and imperial leaders underscored the precarious nature of power in ancient Rome and the Praetorian's role in creating or dismantling it.
The Pattern of Loyalty and Betrayal
Throughout various dynasties, the Praetorian Guard's loyalty was tied to the military prowess of the emperors, rewarding successful leaders and swiftly turning against those who failed to demonstrate strength. Under the Flavians and Antonines, the Guard acted as a stabilizing entity, supporting competent rulers and assisting in maintaining order. However, their allegiance would shift dramatically with emperors like Commodus leading to further political chaos, thus revealing their nature as a double-edged sword. The continuous cycle of empowering and disposing of emperors contributed to the tumultuous legacy of the Guard, which proved to be both an essential protective force and a destabilizing political player.
The Fall of the Praetorian Guard
The decline of the Praetorian Guard became evident under leaders like Constantine, who ultimately disbanded the unit due to its history of political manipulation and betrayal. This decision marked a pivotal moment as emperors transitioned to creating loyal military factions beyond the Praetorian influence. The repeated interventions of the Guard in imperial politics had led to cycles of unrest, creating an environment of insecurity for emperors who could never fully trust their protectors. Constantine’s reforms reflected a significant shift in how power was organized in Rome, ultimately leading to the emergence of a new security apparatus that could be more reliably controlled.
The true nexus of power in the Roman Empire wasn't in the Emperor's box but in the shadowy ranks of the Praetorian Guard. First established in 27 BCE by Caesar Augustus, the first Emperor of Rome, they acted as his personal army and security escort. But it didn’t take long for their influence in Rome to become more insidious … they became kingmakers and power brokers with the ability to topple a dynasty at the drop of a hat. They were the ones who decided who lived and who died.
Dan and Dr Simon Elliot, a leading voice in Roman History, walk the streets of Rome where Praetorian conspiracies and assassinations spilt imperial blood on the stones of the eternal city…
This is episode 4 of 4 in our mini-series 'Gladiators'.
Produced by Mariana Des Forges and edited by Dougal Patmore
Sign up to History Hit for hundreds of hours of original documentaries, with a new release every week and ad-free podcasts. Sign up at https://www.historyhit.com/subscribe.
Get the Snipd podcast app
Unlock the knowledge in podcasts with the podcast player of the future.
AI-powered podcast player
Listen to all your favourite podcasts with AI-powered features
Discover highlights
Listen to the best highlights from the podcasts you love and dive into the full episode
Save any moment
Hear something you like? Tap your headphones to save it with AI-generated key takeaways
Share & Export
Send highlights to Twitter, WhatsApp or export them to Notion, Readwise & more
AI-powered podcast player
Listen to all your favourite podcasts with AI-powered features
Discover highlights
Listen to the best highlights from the podcasts you love and dive into the full episode