Ep. 88: “Cancer and Inflammatory Diseases” Featuring Dr. Roslyn Kemp
Sep 24, 2024
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Dr. Roslyn Kemp, a Professor of Immunology at the University of Otago, dives into the fascinating world of T cells and their critical roles in fighting cancer and inflammation. She reveals how organoids can model inflammatory bowel diseases like Crohn's, enhancing our understanding of immune interactions. The conversation also touches on innovative approaches to cancer therapy, the effects of testosterone on the immune response in transgender men, and the importance of inquiry in science as a catalyst for collaboration and innovation.
Dr. Roslyn Kemp emphasizes the importance of using organoid models to create personalized therapies for inflammatory bowel diseases and colorectal cancer.
Recent research shows that the blockade of IL-10 and PD-1 can effectively control viral rebound in SIV, potentially influencing HIV treatment strategies.
The connection between hormone therapy and immune response highlights significant gender-related differences in immunity, which could tailor healthcare approaches.
Deep dives
Molecular Pathways in HIV Treatment
Research on the blockade of IL-10 and PD-1 has shown promising results for controlling SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus) rebound after stopping antiretroviral therapy in monkeys. The study found that a combination of these blockades resulted in sustained suppression of viral levels for over 24 weeks following treatment interruption. This suggests that these blockades can effectively condition the immune cells to respond better post-treatment by promoting proper cell death and resisting persistent infection. The findings pave the way for potential future therapies that target HIV without the lifelong need for antiretroviral medication.
Neo-Self Antigens and Autoimmunity
A study highlighted the role of neo-self antigens in lupus, emphasizing how MHC class II molecules can present full proteins rather than just peptides under certain conditions. This aberrant presentation, particularly after the knockout of the invariant chain in adult mice, led to the development of a lupus-like disease indicated by an immune response targeting these new self-antigens. Furthermore, research suggests a connection between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) reactivation and the production of these neo-self antigens, providing insights into autoimmunity mechanisms. The findings draw attention to the importance of examining protein presentation in understanding autoimmune diseases.
The Role of the Microbiome in Immunity
An examination of bile salt hydrolase from the bison microbiome has unveiled its importance in maintaining gut immunity and metabolic health. The study illustrated how the enzyme's ability to cleave different bile salts could influence the gut microbiome composition and, subsequently, immune responses. Although the research primarily focused on the structural analysis of this hydrolase, it hinted at potential implications for addressing gut-related diseases and infections. This investigation underscores the relationship between gut microbiota and overall immunity, paving the way for future studies in comparative biology.
Immune Adaptations in Trans Men
A study on trans men receiving testosterone therapy showed significant changes in immune response over the treatment period. Results indicated a reduction in type 1 interferon responses while enhancing TNF signaling pathways, suggesting a shift towards a more male-typical immune profile. This adaptation highlights the intricate connection between hormones and immune function, revealing potential differences in responses to infections or autoimmune conditions. Such findings could inform tailored approaches in healthcare and further understanding of gender-related immune responses.
Personalized Medicine in Colorectal Cancer
Research involving organoid models aims to create personalized therapies for patients with inflammatory bowel diseases and colorectal cancer. By developing a model that incorporates cells from patients, researchers can better understand individual disease mechanisms and test various therapies. The outcomes indicate that each patient's response to treatment varies significantly, highlighting the need for tailored therapy approaches. This research represents an important step toward achieving personalized medical care that accounts for individual variability and improves clinical outcomes.
Dr. Roslyn Kemp is a Professor of Immunology at the University of Otago. Her research focuses on T cells as mediators of anti-tumor immunity and inflammation. She discusses using organoids to model inflammatory bowel disease and collecting immune cell signatures in cancer. She also talks about writing a book to demystify science research and careers.
Extending Responses after HIV Treatment – IL-10 and PD-1 blockade controlled viral rebound of SIV in rhesus macaques during analytical treatment interruption.
Autoreactive T Cells in Lupus – Neoself-antigen presentation by MHC-II plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus.
Bison Bile Salt Hydrolase – Researchers determined the molecular structure of a bile salt hydrolase from the bison microbiome.
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