223. Empire of Plants: From Kew Gardens to Botany Bay
Jan 23, 2025
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In this engaging discussion, Sathnam Sanghera, author of Empireland and Empireworld, delves into the fascinating ties between Kew Gardens and British imperialism. He explores how Kew served as both a symbol and a catalyst for revolutionary industries, like rubber cultivation. The dark consequences of these pursuits on indigenous populations are also highlighted. Sanghera examines the historical roots of botanic gardens and their intertwined relationship with colonial ambitions, bringing a critical lens to a seemingly tranquil topic.
Kew Gardens exemplifies the dual nature of British imperialism, symbolizing both scientific achievement and the exploitation inherent in colonialism.
The introduction of Carl Linnaeus’s classification system transformed botany, enabling a systematic understanding of exotic plants gathered through imperial exploration.
Deep dives
The Role of Botanic Gardens in Imperialism
Botanic gardens played a significant role in the context of empire, serving as collections of plants gathered from the far reaches of British colonial territories. These gardens were instrumental in showcasing the botanical wealth that imperialism brought to Europe, with their origins rooted in royal ambition and scientific curiosity. The discussion highlights how these spaces became symbols of status and power, not just for Britain but also reflecting broader European aspirations during the age of discovery. This intertwining of botany and empire indicates that plants were not just cultivated for aesthetic purposes, but also for their economic potential as imperial enterprises expanded.
Linnaeus and the Classification of Plants
Carl Linnaeus introduced a systematic method for classifying plants that revolutionized botany during the age of exploration. His method, focusing on sexual characteristics of plants, provided a means to organize the influx of exotic species discovered by colonizers. This new classification system enabled botanists to systematically catalog and study the vast array of plants collected from around the world, thereby enhancing scientific understanding and exploration. Linnaeus's influence went beyond botany, as he also classified humans in a controversial racial hierarchy that underscored the link between botanical studies and colonial attitudes of the time.
Joseph Banks and Economic Botany
Joseph Banks emerged as a pivotal figure in the establishment of economic botany, particularly through his connections to Captain Cook's voyages, which expanded Britain’s botanical horizons. His contributions included promoting the cultivation of useful plants, such as breadfruit, aimed at benefiting economic interests in British colonies. Banks' approach often overlooked the local needs and desires of indigenous populations, leading to complications as colonized peoples resisted these impositions. His legacy raises critical questions about the ethical implications of botanical exploration and economic exploitation underpinned by colonial ambitions.
Kew Gardens and Cultural Reflections of Empire
Kew Gardens exemplifies the complexities of British imperial heritage, with its botanical collections serving as a testament to both scientific achievement and colonial exploitation. The garden became a symbol of the empire's reach, showcasing plants from across the globe, while simultaneously reflecting the darker aspects of imperialism, including environmental and societal disruptions in colonized regions. Discussions around the decolonization of Kew highlight ongoing debates about how to reinterpret historical narratives tied to the empire. Ultimately, Kew represents the duality of beauty and brutality within botanical history, fusing cultural appreciation with a critical examination of colonial impact.
Kew Gardens near London is one of the most famous botanical gardens in the world, welcoming countless visitors every year. But what many visitors may not know is that the history of Kew and that of the British Empire are intimately intertwined…
At the height of the empire, Queen Victoria visited the iconic glass Palm House six times in the first few weeks it opened, and palm houseplants became a proud symbol because of her patronage. The botanical gardens also served as a laboratory that allowed imperial industries to boom. For example, seeds collected by Kew gardeners developed rubber plants that were shipped around the empire. The rubber plantations in British Malaya became so valuable that Britain fought a bloody war in 1948 to keep them.
Listen as Anita and William are joined by Sathnam Sanghera, author of Empireworld, to discuss how Kew was instrumental to the empire.