Explore the evolution of electricity, from ancient Greeks to modern technology like transistors and superconductors. Learn about conductors, insulators, and semiconductors and their role in generating electrical current. Discover the wonders of superconductors with zero resistance and unique properties. Trace the history of semiconductors from transistors to optical communications and their impact on technology. Dive into the applications of superconductivity in areas like magnetic field detection and the Large Hadron Collider.
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Quick takeaways
Semiconductors revolutionized technology with inventions like transistors and solar cells.
Superconductors with zero resistance found applications in medical imaging and particle accelerators.
Deep dives
Introduction to Electricity
Until the end of the 19th century, electricity was poorly understood, but subsequent generations saw its transformative power through electric power and the electronic revolution. The new understanding of electricity led to the classification of substances based on their ability to conduct electricity into conductors, insulators, and semiconductors. The discovery of semiconductors allowed for inventions like transistors and solar cells, while superconductors with zero resistance found applications in diverse fields.
Historical Context of Electricity
The podcast delves into the historical understanding of electricity, tracing back to the ancient Greeks' knowledge of electrical attraction through phenomena like rubbing amber. The exploration highlights Benjamin Franklin's experiments with electricity in the 18th century and how scientists eventually began to unravel the nature of electricity through key discoveries like the electron by J.J. Thompson.
Electrons and Energy Levels
The discussion expands on the concept of electrons within atoms, representing different energy states akin to rungs on a ladder. The relation between electrons and the nucleus in atoms is likened to a solar system, with varying energy levels dictating the electron's proximity to the nucleus. Understanding electrons in different energy states laid the foundation for quantum physics in the 1920s.
Applications of Semiconductors
Semiconductors ushered in a technological revolution in the 1950s, leading to the invention of the semiconductor transistor, enhancing electronic applications. The use of semiconductors expanded into areas like broadcasting, transistor radios, and television, revolutionizing the field of micro-computing with integrated circuits. Subsequent developments in semiconductors enabled advancements in diode lasers for optical communications, paving the way for modern information processing and broadband internet.
Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the physics of electrical conduction. Although electricity has been known for several hundred years, it was only in the early twentieth century that physicists first satisfactorily explained the phenomenon. Electric current is the passage of charged particles through a medium - but a material will only conduct electricity if its atomic structure enables it to do so. In investigating electrical conduction scientists discovered two new classes of material. Semiconductors, first exploited commercially in the 1950s, have given us the transistor, the solar cell and the silicon chip, and have revolutionised telecommunications. And superconductors, remarkable materials first observed in 1911, are used in medical imaging and at the Large Hadron Collider in Geneva. With:Frank CloseProfessor of Physics at the University of OxfordJenny NelsonProfessor of Physics at Imperial College LondonLesley CohenProfessor of Solid State Physics at Imperial College LondonProducer: Thomas Morris.
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