Larry White on Stablecoins, Money Market Funds, and the History of Free Banking
Aug 2, 2021
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Larry White, a professor of economics at George Mason University, discusses stablecoins, the history of free banking, and money market funds reform. They explore concerns and potential of stablecoins, dangers and concerns surrounding them, and the relationship between stablecoins and money market mutual funds. They also discuss proposals and debates for reforming money market funds and addressing risk in them.
Stablecoins have not yet reached a scale that poses systemic risks to the financial system, with limited use by ordinary consumers for everyday retail transactions.
Stablecoins differ from money market funds in terms of their underlying structure and risk profile, making reforms like floating net asset values or contractual share reductions less applicable and potentially detrimental.
Comparing stablecoins to the free banking period in the United States is inaccurate, as stablecoins operate within the cryptocurrency space and are subject to different regulations.
Deep dives
Stable coins are an alternative payment rail in the crypto space
Stable coins are dollar-denominated digital assets that allow crypto traders to seamlessly trade cryptocurrencies without the hassle of using traditional banking systems. These tokens are mainly used by traders who want to avoid delays and regulatory processes involved in wire transfers. The total market size of stable coins is around $110 billion, with daily transactions ranging from $10 to $20 billion. While concerns have been raised about stable coins competing with traditional banking systems, there is currently limited use by ordinary consumers for everyday retail transactions.
Concerns about systemic risk and stable coins
There have been concerns about stable coins posing systemic risks to the financial system. However, stable coins have not yet reached a scale that would warrant such concerns. They are primarily used by specialized traders and do not have the same level of reach as traditional money market funds or banking systems. The size of stable coins, currently at $110 billion, is relatively small compared to the US banking system. The concerns expressed by policymakers and regulators are often tied to the potential growth of stable coins and their competition with central bank digital currencies.
Comparison to Money Market Mutual Funds
Stable coins have been compared to money market mutual funds, as both operate as alternative payment and investment options. However, stable coins differ from money market funds in terms of their underlying structure and risk profile. Money market funds issue debt claims, while stable coins issue equity claims. The risk of runs or insolvency associated with money market funds can be mitigated by adopting floating net asset values or contractual share reductions. The introduction of gates and fees, as seen in money market funds, can create panic among investors, leading to increased outflows. Implementing similar reforms in stable coins may have unintended consequences and make them less attractive as investment vehicles.
Inaccurate comparison to the free banking period
Some critics of stable coins have inaccurately compared them to the free banking period in the United States. The free banking period was marked by heavily and poorly regulated banking systems with specific regulations that led to vulnerabilities and failures. Stable coins, on the other hand, operate within the cryptocurrency space and are not subject to the same regulatory framework as traditional banks. It is essential to recognize the differences between regulated and minimally regulated banking systems, such as those in Canada, Scotland, Sweden, and Switzerland, which experienced stability and success.
Reforms and concerns for stable coins
Various proposed reforms have been suggested for stable coins, such as establishing capital buffers, minimum balance at risk provisions, and swing pricing. However, these reforms may make stable coins less attractive to investors and shrink the market rather than enhancing stability. Contractual option clauses, as seen in the past, have shown promise in preventing runs and managing risks. It is crucial for firms to design and test such contractual solutions based on market demand and feasibility, rather than relying solely on top-down regulatory interventions.
Larry White is a professor of economics at George Mason University and is a returning guest to the show. He rejoins Macro Musings to talk about stablecoins, the history of free banking, and money market funds reform. Specifically, David and Larry also discuss the critiques levied against stablecoins, their impact on the banking system, and why stablecoins could be considered the new version of money market mutual funds.