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Reciprocation is a powerful principle that highlights how people feel obligated to give something back when they receive something. This can be seen in various scenarios, such as receiving a gift or a favor. For example, research has shown that when a mailing campaign includes an unsolicited gift, the success rate nearly doubles. Additionally, in negotiations, starting from an exaggerated position and gradually making concessions can lead to a desirable final offer. Understanding the power of reciprocation allows individuals to be more aware of the tactics used by others and make informed decisions.
Commitment and consistency are key factors in influencing attitudes and behaviors. When people commit to something or make an effort towards it, they feel a greater sense of obligation and are more likely to be influenced by it. For instance, individuals who place a bet on a horse become more confident in their chances of winning after placing the bet. This principle is often used in sales and marketing, where individuals are encouraged to make small commitments or effort early on, leading to a higher likelihood of subsequent actions. By understanding this principle, individuals can be more aware of the strategies used to influence them and make deliberate choices.
Leveraging commitment and consistency can be done through physical effort and keeping commitments. When individuals invest their energy or effort into something, they feel a stronger sense of obligation and are more likely to be influenced by it. This principle can be seen in various contexts, such as fraternity hazing or enduring a challenging task. By recognizing the power of commitment and consistency, individuals can be more aware of the strategies used to influence their behaviors and make informed decisions.
An effective strategy to handle commitment and consistency tactics is to call them out directly. By telling someone that you recognize the technique they are using, you demonstrate awareness and reduce the influence it has on you. This can be particularly useful when dealing with salespeople or individuals trying to persuade you. It allows you to maintain your autonomy and make decisions based on your own evaluation of the situation.
People are more likely to attribute positive qualities to someone or something they like.
We tend to view authority figures as credible and knowledgeable, even when they lack expertise in a specific area.
People tend to follow the actions and behaviors of others, especially if they perceive them as similar to themselves.
We look to the behavior and opinions of others to guide our own actions and beliefs.
Scarcity is a powerful influence tactic that triggers the fear of missing out and compels people to take immediate action. Whether it's limited time offers, exclusive access, or the perception of scarcity, arousing this feeling can drive impulse purchases and increase perceived value. Marketers leverage scarcity by creating a sense of urgency and leveraging the fear of loss to motivate consumers to buy. Understanding and recognizing the arousal caused by scarcity can help individuals make more informed purchasing decisions.
Authority plays a significant role in influencing people's beliefs and behaviors. People often defer to authority figures and experts, assuming they possess superior knowledge and expertise. This blind trust in authority can be manipulated and exploited. It is essential to critically evaluate the credibility and expertise of authority figures to avoid being swayed by false or misleading information. Additionally, understanding the tactics used to establish authority can empower individuals to make more informed decisions and challenge questionable claims.
“It is odd that despite their current widespread use and looming future importance, most of us know very little about our automatic behavior patterns. Perhaps that is so precisely because of the mechanistic, unthinking manner in which they occur. Whatever the reason, it is vital that we clearly recognize one of their properties: They make us terribly vulnerable to anyone who does know how they work.”
In this episode of Made You Think, Neil and I cover Influence by Robert Cialdini. It’s a classic on the art of persuasion and explains the psychology of why people say "yes”. You’ll learn how to become a better persuader, how to market yourself and your ideas, and how to defend against the influences of others.
We cover a wide range of topics, including:
And much more. Please enjoy, and be sure to grab a copy of Influence!
If you enjoyed this episode, be sure to check out our episode on The Psychology of Human Misjudgments by Charlie Munger, to learn about the 25 cognitive biases that negatively affect our thinking and how to effectively watch out for them, as well as our episode on Principles by Ray Dalio, to learn the key principles necessary for getting what you want out of life.
Be sure to join our mailing list to find out about what books are coming up, giveaways we're running, special events, and more.
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Books mentioned:
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0:00 - Introductory quote and some information on the book.
4:04 - A bit on how the book is structured, as well as explaining what the six main influencers are.
6:16 - How you can use this book and some other books that mention this book.
8:07 - The first chapter of the six main influencers, reciprocation, and some discussion on this. Also, some examples of this. “When we get something, we feel obligated to give something back.”
17:04 - Some discussion on an excerpt about negotiation from the reciprocation chapter.
21:01 - Wrapping up the reciprocation chapter with how to challenge reciprocity. “If you want to fight reciprocity, define it as a sales device, not a gift.”
25:52 - The chapter on commitment and consistency. Detailing the chapter and what commitment and consistency are.
33:00 - A few examples related to this chapter and some discussion on them.
37:34 - The second example related to the chapter and detailing the psychology that the method used. Also, a bit on getting people used to saying yes to get them to continue agreeing.
41:17 - The physical and effort aspect of commitment and consistency. Also, a bit on cold emailing and cold-calling (and a few tangents). “The more effort that goes into a commitment, the greater the ability that you’ll have to influence the attitude.”
53:00 - The chapter on social proof. A bit on canned laughter, examples of social proof, some discussion on the bystander effect, and tying social proof into evolutionary instincts. (Tangents at 55:08) “Once people see somebody helping, then they all rush to help. But when nobody is helping, nobody does anything.”
1:03:10 - When people are like us, we tend to like them more. An example on this and some following discussion. Also, some thoughts on how suicide reports in the news correlate with increased suicide rates.
1:09:56 - The chapter on liking. A few examples, discussing these examples, and detailing why they work. “When we like people or like something, we attribute more good things to it.”
1:19:55 - Discussing the aspects of getting hooked on a fad and thinking that everything associated with that fad is good. Also, defining natural, organic, free-range, and other terminologies and explaining why they aren’t always clear or fully truthful.
1:25:37 - The chapter on authority. Some examples of authority and discussing how it works. Also, a bit on social proof, fear of going against the grain, cryptocurrency, and stocks. An interesting fact from Cialdini on common medical errors, as well. Always ask: “Is this authority truly an expert?”
1:38:08 - Discussing celebrity endorsements with political candidates and some following tangents.
1:42:35 - The last chapter on scarcity. Various examples, usage with marketing, and a few tangents. “The more scarce something appears, the more we want it.”
1:47:05 - Recognizing scarcity and some discussion on scarcity in general. “Most things are not made better by being scarce.”
1:48:30 - Closing thoughts and discussing the last section of the book on shunning those who use these techniques excessively and in a negative manner.
If you enjoyed this episode, don’t forget to subscribe at https://madeyouthinkpodcast.com
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