Explore the quest to reach absolute zero temperature, from ancient Greek views to modern research. Discover Guillem Amonton's contributions, Michael Faraday's experiments, and the rivalry in the race to absolute zero. Learn about superfluids, quantum mechanics, and achieving temperatures below absolute zero in recent research.
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Quick takeaways
Absolute zero is an unattainable theoretical temperature due to quantum limitations.
Research on ultra-low temperatures has practical applications in creating unique materials and sensors.
Recent advancements challenge conventional definitions of temperature by achieving below absolute zero temperatures.
Deep dives
Evolution of Temperature Concepts
Throughout history, the concept of temperature has evolved from the Greeks' fascination with heat and cold to the 17th-century experiments with thermoscopes. Early scientists like Robert Boyle debunked the notion of a fundamentally cold substance, paving the way for the idea of an absolute limit to temperature. Frenchman Guillem Amonton's work with thermometers led to the proposal of absolute zero.
Discoveries in Low-Temperature Research
In the 19th century, scientists like Michael Faraday and William Thomson, known as Lord Kelvin, delved into exploring low temperatures, leading to groundbreaking discoveries. Faraday liquefied gases like chlorine, while Kelvin worked on temperature scales and defined absolute zero at -273 degrees Celsius. The race for ever colder temperatures drove advancements in understanding heat and motion.
Challenges in Reaching Absolute Zero
Despite advancements, reaching absolute zero is theoretically impossible due to limitations imposed by quantum mechanics and the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Even at extremely low temperatures, the energy associated with zero point energy prevents a complete absence of movement. Absolute zero remains a concept approached but never attained.
Practical Applications of Low-Temperature Research
Research on ultra-low temperatures has practical applications, such as creating substances with unique behaviors and minimal electrical resistance. Cold gases sensitive to environmental changes serve as sensors for gravity variations, aiding in applications like oil exploration, underground water detection, and archaeology. The potential for room temperature superconductivity opens up new frontiers in technology.
Temperature Below Absolute Zero
Recent research in Germany has led to the creation of temperatures below absolute zero, challenging conventional temperature definitions. While this temperature is hotter than infinite temperature, it signifies ongoing exploration and innovation in the realm of temperature science, pushing the boundaries of our understanding of extreme temperatures.
In a programme first broadcast in 2013, Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss absolute zero, the lowest conceivable temperature. In the early eighteenth century the French physicist Guillaume Amontons suggested that temperature had a lower limit. The subject of low temperature became a fertile field of research in the nineteenth century, and today we know that this limit - known as absolute zero - is approximately minus 273 degrees Celsius. It is impossible to produce a temperature exactly equal to absolute zero, but today scientists have come to within a billionth of a degree. At such low temperatures physicists have discovered a number of strange new phenomena including superfluids, liquids capable of climbing a vertical surface.
With:
Simon Schaffer
Professor of the History of Science at the University of Cambridge
Stephen Blundell
Professor of Physics at the University of Oxford
Nicola Wilkin
Lecturer in Theoretical Physics at the University of Birmingham
Producer: Thomas Morris
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