The Complexity of Viking Identity

The term 'Viking' originates from Old Norse and primarily means 'raider' or 'pirate,' reflecting a narrow view of their culture centered around violent acts. However, most individuals in Viking society were not raiders but farmers and artisans, leading to a reductive understanding of their identity. This concept has evolved over time, particularly in the 19th century, where the term began to encompass a broader range of early medieval Scandinavian culture. Recognizing this complexity is essential to understanding the Viking Age, which involved more than just military actions and included aspects of everyday life, social structures, and cultural practices.