Podcast explores the contaminated blood scandal in the UK, where thousands were infected with hepatitis and AIDS. It discusses the significance of Factor 8 as a treatment for hemophilia, ethical considerations in decision-making, risks associated with factor-rate, concealing information from patients, challenges of suing pharmaceutical companies, and the importance of clinical governance and patient safety.
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Quick takeaways
The contaminated blood scandal in the UK revealed a failure in clinical governance and patient rights, with doctors not providing informed consent and patients being denied the option of safer treatments.
The pursuit of profit by pharmaceutical companies led to the use of plasma from high-risk sources, contributing to the widespread contamination of Factor VIII and the subsequent infections of thousands of hemophilia patients.
Deep dives
The Infected Blood Scandal
Between the early 70s and the mid 80s, over 1200 people in the UK with bleeding disorders were infected with AIDS and hepatitis through contaminated clotting agents derived from human plasma. The medical community and government failed to acknowledge the dangers of the treatment and patients were not given the option to switch to safer alternatives like cryoprecipitate. The scandal involved doctors who persisted with risky treatments, governments that delayed improvements to the system, and pharmaceutical companies prioritizing profit over safety. Patients and their families have been fighting for compensation and a recognition of the system's failure.
The Wonder Treatment: Factor 8
Factor 8, a concentrated clotting agent derived from human plasma, was considered a revolutionary treatment for hemophilia in the early 70s. It allowed patients to live normal lives without constant hospitalization. Factor 8 was seen as a wonder treatment for hemophilia A patients, as it helped them clot blood and engage in physical activities. Cryoprecipitate, the previous treatment, was more time-consuming and less effective. Factor 8 became widely used despite warnings about potential viral infections.
Safety Concerns and Unethical Practices
From the start, there were concerns about the safety of Factor 8, as medical experts warned about the potential risk of viral infections. However, these warnings were downplayed by medical regulators and pharmaceutical companies. The manufacturing process involved pooling plasma donations from thousands of sources, which meant that if one donation was infected, the entire batch would be contaminated. Furthermore, in the pursuit of profit, pharmaceutical companies collected plasma from high-risk sources, including prisons and impoverished areas, without proper screening.
Failures in Clinical Governance and Patient Rights
The infected blood scandal highlighted failures in clinical governance and patient rights. Doctors and medical professionals made decisions without informed consent, with patients not being given the choice to switch to safer treatments. There was also a culture of withholding information from patients, perpetuating stigma and denying them the ability to make decisions about their own health. The scandal underscores the importance of a duty to candor and the need for robust systems of accountability and patient safety in healthcare.
The plasma product Factor VIII was heralded in the 1960s as a miracle treatment that helped those with haemophilia to live fuller lives. By the 1980s it was killing them in their thousands, as the product from the US was riddled with hepatitis and AIDs. The investigative journalist Cara McGoogan pieces together the sorry tale of medical negligence, commercial greed and government failures in The Poison Line: A True Story of Death, Deception and Infected Blood.
In many other countries inquiries have been held, compensation paid out and individuals sent to prison, but the victims and their families in the UK are still waiting, 40 years later. Jason Evans was just 4 years old when his father died after being infected by HIV in Factor VIII. He has dedicated his adult life to getting to the truth and is now awaiting the findings of the public inquiry which began in 2018, and is expected to publish its report in March 2024.
The public health expert and physician Dr Gabriel Scally is a veteran of medical inquires – from the Bristol heart scandal to the Cervical Smear failures in Ireland. He has spent his career arguing for a system of clinical governance with a duty of candour placed not just on organisations but individual medics too. He tells Tom Sutcliffe why he thinks scandals and cover-ups continue to happen, and whether a public inquiry is the best way to get to the truth.
Producer: Katy Hickman
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