Stephen Russell, a former Mayo Clinic researcher and CEO of Vyriad, reveals groundbreaking insights into the measles virus and its unexpected potential as a cancer treatment. Russell discusses how measles can induce immune responses that may aid in tumor remission. He also explores the concept of 'immune amnesia' caused by measles, shedding light on its complex interaction with other infections. The conversation highlights innovative approaches to using viruses as a therapeutic tool, offering hope for future cancer treatments.
Recent research shows measles can cause 'immune amnesia,' severely compromising the immune systems of previously infected individuals.
Scientists are exploring modified measles viruses as targeted cancer treatments, demonstrating promising results against certain cancers.
Deep dives
The Unexpected Long-Term Impact of Measles
Measles generates significant long-term effects that extend beyond the immediate health risks, particularly concerning childhood mortality rates. Research indicated that after the introduction of the measles vaccine, there was a notable decline in deaths from other infectious diseases among vaccinated children. This finding suggested that measles infections might harm the immune memory of children, leading to increased vulnerability to other pathogens. Consequently, scientists proposed that measles could indeed impair immune systems, resulting in a phenomenon termed 'immunological amnesia' where recovered measles patients lose essential immune defenses.
The Mechanism of How Measles Attacks the Immune System
The measles virus acts insidiously by exploiting immune cells in ways that destroy the body's immune memories. Upon infection, measles targets B and T cells, crucial components of the immune system that normally learn to recognize and fight pathogens. Instead of enhancing immune response, measles infiltrates these cells, thereby replicating and leading to a destruction of previously established immunological memories. This unique mechanism of the measles virus reveals a troubling aspect of its impact, contributing to increased susceptibility to various other diseases following recovery.
Exploring the Use of Measles in Cancer Treatment
The potential of measles virus as a novel cancer treatment has gained attention, particularly with its unique ability to selectively target cancer cells. Historical observations revealed instances where patients with specific cancers experienced remarkable regressions after contracting measles infections, leading researchers to examine this capability further. A modified strain of the measles virus was developed to effectively infect and destroy cancer cells without causing significant harm to healthy tissues. This approach prompted studies that showed promising results, including a case where a patient with aggressive multiple myeloma achieved complete remission after receiving a high-dose measles treatment.
Challenges and Innovations in Virotherapy
The field of utilizing viruses, particularly measles, to combat cancer presents both exciting possibilities and challenges. While some patients have shown dramatic tumor reductions after treatment, achieving consistent results across diverse patient populations remains complex. Factors such as pre-existing immunity to measles can hinder the efficacy of treatment, prompting researchers to explore alternative viral vectors or stealth modifications of the measles virus. Despite hurdles, ongoing studies demonstrate that viruses can potentially revolutionize cancer therapy, offering hopes for further breakthroughs in this innovative field.
We thought we knew everything there was to know about measles. But in recent years, new research has revealed that the virus attacks the immune system and creates effects far more dramatic than a rash and fever. For this episode we’re joined by Michael Mina, a former Harvard epidemiologist now at eMed, who helped discover how measles was causing “immune amnesia.” Our second guest is Stephen Russell, a former Mayo Clinic researcher who co-founded a company called Vyriad. Russell is trying to use the measles virus to treat cancer. Enjoy this episode from Incubation, another Pushkin podcast.