Stephanie Balkwill, "The Women Who Ruled China: Buddhism, Multiculturalism, and Governance in the Sixth Century" (U California Press, 2024)
Jul 20, 2024
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Stephanie Balkwill, an author focused on the influential Empress Dowager Ling, reveals her remarkable journey from obscurity to power. The conversation unveils how she navigated the complexities of court politics and redefined gender norms during a transforming era in China. From exploring Loyang's multicultural vibrancy to the pivotal role of Buddhist women, Balkwill highlights hidden narratives and advocates for a deeper understanding of women's impact in Buddhist history. Tune in for insights into a powerful politically savvy woman reshaping societal frameworks.
Empress Dowager Ling's ascension highlights the intertwined nature of Buddhism, gender roles, and governance in a multicultural sixth-century China.
The examination of Luoyang's vibrant cultural life reveals women's active roles in society during a time of significant social transformation.
A critical reevaluation of historical narratives is essential to uncover the complexities of women's contributions and agency in patriarchal contexts.
Deep dives
Introduction to Empress Dowager Ling's Legacy
Empress Dowager Ling played a significant but often overlooked role in 6th-century China with her substantial contributions to governance and cultural life. Her reign marked a period of vibrant multiculturalism in Luoyang, promoting an inclusive society where diverse ethnic groups and religions coexisted. This chapter discusses the lack of recorded history surrounding her life, emphasizing a need for Buddhist feminist historiography to uncover and better understand the roles of women like her. To break this silence, alternative sources, such as Buddhist texts and local histories, must be utilized to shed light on the achievements and contributions of women in this historical context.
The Urban Renaissance of Luoyang
Luoyang in the 6th century was an urban hub that symbolized both multiculturalism and innovation, nourished by the construction efforts of Emperor Stavra-Jurling. The city saw the establishment of remarkable Buddhist sites and fostered a dynamic cultural life characterized by diversity and creativity. Women were not just passive spectators; they actively participated in public life, leading troops and engaging in commerce, which transformed social norms of the era. However, the narrative of Luoyang also serves as a cautionary tale about how rapid societal changes can incite violent backlash, evidenced by the eventual downfall of the Empress and the destruction of her achievements.
Gender Tropes and Historical Distortion
The biography of Empress Dowager Ling reflects pervasive gender tropes, particularly the characterization of women who wield power as licentious or manipulative. Through the lens of male historians, her life was frequently framed in relation to male figures, which distorted her actual accomplishments and reduced her to caricature. Tropes like the licentious female usurper perpetuate harmful stereotypes that hinder a fuller understanding of women's roles in history. Reevaluating these narratives is crucial to disentangling truth from the biases of patriarchal historiography and reclaiming the complexity and agency of historical female figures.
The Influence of Buddhism on Women's Power
Empress Dowager Ling's rise to power was significantly influenced by the Buddhist nun Sung-joo, who provided vital support and resources at the court. This chapter demonstrates how Buddhism offered women unique social networks and opportunities for autonomy, creating a novel category of elite monastic women. Buddhist monasticism enabled women to escape traditional family structures and engage in public life more independently, fostering an environment where women could exert influence. This shift marked a radical transformation in gender norms within Chinese society, as women began to redefine their roles beyond the confines of the patriarchal family.
Religious Tensions and Political Fallout
Empress Dowager Ling’s patronage of a more populist form of Buddhism put her at odds with the elite court, which deemed her practices as destabilizing. This chapter explores her complex relationship with Buddhism, suggesting it contributed to her downfall due to conflicting interests between her beliefs and those of her courtiers. The examination of her posthumous name illustrates how historical narratives were shaped by power dynamics, reflecting biases against her leadership and religious practices. Ultimately, understanding these religious and political tensions is vital to grasping the true nature of her rule and the historical forces that led to its decline.
In the late fifth century, a girl whose name has been forgotten by history was born at the edge of the Chinese empire. By the time of her death, she had transformed herself into Empress Dowager Ling, one of the most powerful politicians of her age and one of the first of many Buddhist women to wield incredible influence in dynastic East Asia. In this book, Stephanie Balkwill documents the Empress Dowager’s rise to power and life on the throne against the broader world of imperial China under the rule of the Northern Wei dynasty, a foreign people from Inner Asia who built their capital deep in the Chinese heartland.
Building on largely untapped Buddhist materials, Balkwill shows that the life and rule of the Empress Dowager is a larger story of the reinvention of religious, ethnic, and gender norms in a rapidly changing multicultural society. The Women Who Ruled China: Buddhism, Multiculturalism, and Governance in the Sixth Century (U California Press, 2024) recovers the voices of those left out of the mainstream historical record, painting a compelling portrait of medieval Chinese society reinventing itself under the Empress Dowager’s leadership.
A free ebook version of this title is available through Luminos, University of California Press’s Open Access publishing program. Visit www.luminosoa.org to learn more.