In this engaging discussion, historian John Milton Cooper Jr., a Pulitzer Prize finalist for his biography of Woodrow Wilson, unpacks the mystery of Wilson's 1919 stroke and its shocking cover-up. He reveals how Edith Wilson controlled the narrative, hiding crucial information from Congress and the media. The psychological shifts in the president and the implications for governance are explored, alongside the tension between Wilson and his advisers. Cooper also dives into the constitutional dilemmas that surfaced during this critical time, making for a riveting historical analysis.
Woodrow Wilson's health crisis significantly impaired his leadership capabilities, leading to political fallout and the defeat of his League of Nations treaty.
Edith Wilson's controversial role in controlling access to her husband during his incapacitation highlights the complexities of private influence on public governance.
Deep dives
Wilson's Health and Its Impact on Leadership
Woodrow Wilson's health significantly impacted his ability to lead and govern effectively. He experienced multiple strokes, with the first notable incident occurring in 1906, leading to a diagnosis of hardening arteries and advice to reduce stress. Instead of heeding this advice, Wilson chose to intensify his work, which some argue marked the beginning of a more driven yet deteriorating leadership style. Following his final stroke in 1919 during a demanding speaking tour for the League of Nations, his physical and mental health rapidly declined, affecting his capacity for decisive governance.
The Role of Edith Wilson in Governance
Edith Wilson played a crucial, albeit controversial, role in her husband's presidency, particularly after his stroke. During his incapacitation, she controlled access to him and filtered information from his advisors, often prioritizing her husband's well-being over the political needs of the country. Critics argue that this behavior effectively undermined democratic processes, as important decisions were often made without proper oversight. Nonetheless, her intimate knowledge of Wilson's thoughts and feelings placed her in a complicated position regarding his health and the nation's leadership.
The Political Consequences of Wilson’s Condition
Wilson's health crisis had considerable political ramifications, culminating in the failure of his League of Nations treaty and a shift in party dynamics. His refusal to compromise alienated key senators, leading to the treaty's defeat and showcasing his declining influence. As the Democratic Party faced turmoil and criticism over Wilson's handling of his health, it allowed the Republicans, led by Warren Harding, to capitalize on this discontent in the 1920 election. The result was a significant landslide victory for Harding, seen as a repudiation of Wilson's progressive agenda and the Democratic leadership.
Historical and Medical Insights on Wilson’s Decline
The conversation reveals that historical accounts of Wilson's health are clouded by anecdotal evidence and differing interpretations by biographers and historians. Medical experts noted that many of Wilson's physical symptoms, such as paralysis and behavioral changes, were gradual and complex, complicating the understanding of his mental decline. Moreover, the medical community's reluctance to openly discuss Wilson's condition at the time created an environment of speculation and misinformation. This analysis emphasizes the need for historians to approach Wilson's presidency with an understanding of both his health struggles and the context in which they unfolded.
In 1919, President Woodrow Wilson suffered a major stroke. The president, a widower, was kept in solitude by his second wife and a tight ring of advisers. For months, senior executive branch and legislative officials could not see the president. The White House claimed the president would shortly return to full health, and that he suffered only from “nervous exhaustion.” His wife managed the flow of information to him, sharing certain memos and concealing others.
We spoke to John Milton Cooper Jr., a historian who has been called "the world's greatest authority on Woodrow Wilson." Cooper is Professor Emeritus at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and his Woodrow Wilson: A Biography was a Pulitzer Prize finalist.
(00:00) Introduction
(00:21) How did Wilson's stroke come about?
(6:54) The stroke and its immediate coverup
(14:08) Psychological changes in President Wilson
(18:43) The media coverup
(20:31) Wilson and Congress
(23:53) Edith Wilson's role
(32:04) The Vice President and constitutional questions
(37:52) Wilson's advisers
(41:38) The Democratic Party
This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit www.statecraft.pub
Get the Snipd podcast app
Unlock the knowledge in podcasts with the podcast player of the future.
AI-powered podcast player
Listen to all your favourite podcasts with AI-powered features
Discover highlights
Listen to the best highlights from the podcasts you love and dive into the full episode
Save any moment
Hear something you like? Tap your headphones to save it with AI-generated key takeaways
Share & Export
Send highlights to Twitter, WhatsApp or export them to Notion, Readwise & more
AI-powered podcast player
Listen to all your favourite podcasts with AI-powered features
Discover highlights
Listen to the best highlights from the podcasts you love and dive into the full episode