Saint Thomas and the Acquired Virtues | Prof. Candace Vogler
Dec 2, 2024
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Candace Vogler, David B. and Clare E. Stern Professor of Philosophy at the University of Chicago, dives into the nuances of virtue in St. Thomas Aquinas' philosophy. She contrasts Aquinas' dynamic view of virtue with Aristotle's static approach, and unpacks the four cardinal virtues essential for correcting human flaws. Vogler explains how acquired virtues develop through societal influence while emphasizing the distinction between these and the divine gift of infused virtues, ultimately linking moral self-improvement to both human effort and spiritual grace.
Aquinas emphasizes the ongoing cultivation of acquired virtues like prudence, justice, courage, and temperance, challenging Aristotle's view on moral character development.
He distinguishes between acquired virtues shaped by personal effort and infused virtues granted by divine grace, highlighting their interdependence in moral and spiritual growth.
Deep dives
Aquinas and Aristotle: Diverging Views on Virtue
Aquinas’ approach to virtue diverges significantly from Aristotle’s, influenced by key predecessors like Augustine. While Aristotle emphasizes that moral character is primarily shaped by childhood upbringing, Aquinas contends that even well-raised individuals can face moral challenges as adults. He recognizes that many exemplary figures, including saints, lacked privileged backgrounds, contrasting sharply with Aristotle's elite-focused view. This shift in understanding highlights the ongoing nature of virtue cultivation, where individuals must continually strive to address their moral shortcomings throughout their lives.
The Role of Cardinal Virtues
Aquinas identifies four cardinal virtues—prudence, justice, courage, and temperance—as essential for leading a good life. These virtues, which Aquinas adapts from Aristotle, are viewed as necessary for the proper functioning of human powers and establishing harmony between reason and passion. For instance, prudence facilitates rational decision-making, while temperance and courage help regulate desires and fears, respectively. Aquinas posits that these virtues must be cultivated actively, emphasizing the importance of practical wisdom in achieving moral excellence.
Acquired vs. Infused Virtues
Aquinas distinguishes between acquired virtues, developed through personal effort and practice, and infused virtues, which are believed to be granted by divine grace. While acquired virtues support the moral development essential for a good life, infused virtues aim to align individuals more closely with God’s will, enhancing their spiritual pursuits. The interplay between these virtues is crucial, as acquired virtues lay the groundwork for the more transcendent aims provided by infused virtues. This duality proposes a comprehensive framework for understanding the role of virtue in both personal and spiritual dimensions of human existence.
Professor Candace Vogler examines Thomas Aquinas' approach to virtue, highlighting how it differs from Aristotle's while still building upon his work. She explains the four cardinal virtues (prudence, justice, courage, and temperance) and their role in correcting human flaws. The lecture also delves into the distinction between acquired virtues, which are cultivated through human effort, and infused virtues, which are divinely bestowed.
This lecture was given on November 6th, 2023, at The University of Texas at Austin.
Candace Vogler is the David B. and Clare E. Stern Professor of Philosophy at the University of Chicago. Her primary area of research is moral philosophy, with special emphasis on virtue and practical reason. She draws extensively from work by G. E. M. ('Elizabeth') Anscombe, St. Thomas Aquinas, and Immanuel Kant, and sometimes she teaches work by John Stuart Mill. She also works on psychoanalysis (primarily Freudian work and the work of Jacques Lacan), and at the intersections of philosophy and literature and philosophy and film. Vogler is interested in questions about the highest good, about sin, and about moral self-improvement.
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