Exploring the Allied intervention in Bolshevik Russia post-1917 revolution, motivations of key nations, intricate alliances during the civil war, consequences of foreign support on atrocities and public opinion, and lasting impact on Europe and political consequences.
Allied intervention in Bolshevik Russia aimed to overthrow regime, reignite Eastern Front against Germany.
Churchill's fervent support for intervention polarized international relations, impacting subsequent military attitudes.
Deep dives
Overview of the Russian Civil War
The Russian Civil War emerged from the aftermath of World War I and the Bolshevik Revolution. In 1918, the Bolsheviks signed a peace treaty with Germany, prompting Allied nations like Britain, France, America, and Japan to intervene. The intervention sought to overthrow the Bolshevik regime and reignite the Eastern Front against Germany. The conflict was multi-sided, involving various factions from socialist revolutionaries to monarchists and national governments.
Allied Strategies and Impact
The Allied intervention supported various anti-Bolshevik forces in Russia, including figures like Kolchak and Denikin. Strategies included empowering military figures to overthrow civilian governments and providing military aid. The intervention prolonged the civil war, but the moderate forces it backed faced criticism for committing atrocities like prisoner killings and pogroms. Churchill's strong support for the intervention despite its failures left a lasting impact on international relations.
Public Opinion and Political Discourse
The intervention stirred public opinion across nations involved. Mainstream sentiment leaned towards ending the intervention as soldiers and the public questioned the necessity of the conflict. Ideological divisions emerged with left-wing movements advocating a hands-off approach to Russia. Churchill's fervent backing polarized political discourse, influencing subsequent actions and attitudes towards military interventions.
Long-term Effects and Remembrance
The Allied intervention had lasting effects on post-war Europe, radicalizing disaffected troops and impacting political trajectories. In America, it contributed to isolationist sentiments, while in Britain, it revealed the limits of imperial adventures without American support. The intervention's association with Churchill affected his political standing. Despite its historical significance, the intervention's memory has been subdued in official narratives, overshadowed by events like the Second World War and modern political propaganda.
Following the October Revolution of 1917, Russia's nascent Bolshevik regime acted on its word to take the country out of the First World War by brokering peace with Germany. Speaking to Danny Bird, Anna Reid explains how this prompted Britain, France, America and Japan to launch a joint 'intervention', by invading the vast terrain of the crumbling Russian empire in support of anti-Bolshevik forces.
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