
The Lawfare Podcast Lawfare Daily: The Law of the Shutdown
12 snips
Oct 3, 2025 Joining the conversation are Nick Bednar, an Associate Professor of Law focused on reductions in force, and Sam Berger, a Senior Fellow specializing in federal fiscal policy. They delve into the mechanics of government shutdowns, dissecting how funding lapses occur and which functions remain operational. The duo explores the Trump administration's approach, highlighting potential legal violations amid mass layoffs. Their insights shed light on the interplay between executive power and congressional authority during tumultuous fiscal times.
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Why Shutdowns Happen
- Shutdowns occur because discretionary appropriations lapse while mandatory programs keep running without annual action.
- Congress usually uses continuing resolutions to avoid these lapses, but failure to pass them causes shutdowns.
How Exemptions Are Decided
- The Anti-Deficiency Act bars spending beyond appropriations but OLC memos carve out exemptions like life/property protection and constitutional duties.
- Agencies and OMB largely decide which functions are exempt during a lapse, guided by the Civiletti framework.
2018–19 Shutdown Maneuvers
- During the 2018-2019 shutdown the Trump administration aggressively used carryover balances and brought back workers to process IRS refunds.
- They stretched longstanding executive-branch interpretations and committed AD Act violations to reduce political fallout.



