Ep. 371: Christine Korsgaard on Normativity (Part Two)

In 'A Theory of Justice,' John Rawls develops a moral theory of justice as fairness, which is an alternative to utilitarianism. The theory is based on the social contract approach and uses the concept of the original position and the veil of ignorance to derive two principles of justice. The first principle, the greatest equal liberty principle, ensures that each person has an equal right to the most extensive total system of equal basic liberties compatible with a similar system of liberty for all. The second principle, which includes the difference principle and the equal opportunity principle, states that social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged and attached to offices and positions open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity. Rawls's theory aims to reconcile liberty and equality in a well-ordered society.

Simone de Beauvoir's "The Ethics of Ambiguity" is a philosophical work that explores the human condition in a world without inherent meaning. Beauvoir argues that freedom and responsibility are fundamental aspects of human existence. She challenges traditional ethical systems and proposes a new approach based on individual engagement with the world. The book emphasizes the importance of authenticity and commitment in the face of uncertainty. It's a significant contribution to existentialist thought and continues to inspire readers and thinkers today.

Mein Kampf, written by Adolf Hitler while he was imprisoned following the failed Beer Hall Putsch in 1923, is a two-volume work that combines autobiography and political treatise. The book details Hitler's early life, his experiences during World War I, and his increasing antisemitism and militarism. It outlines his vision for Germany, including the need for Lebensraum (living space) in Eastern Europe, and his racist and anti-Semitic views. The work became the central text of National Socialism and a blueprint for Hitler's policies, including aggressive foreign policy and the persecution of Jews and other minority groups.

In this book, Michael J. Sandel delves into various theories of justice, including utilitarianism, libertarianism, and the philosophies of Aristotle, Kant, and Rawls. He applies these theories to contemporary legal and political controversies, encouraging readers to think critically about complex issues and to engage in a more robust and thoughtful public discourse. The book is based on Sandel's renowned Harvard course and aims to help readers make sense of politics, morality, and their own convictions.