Presenting Gastropod: How Chilis Conquered the World
Nov 25, 2021
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Join Nicola Twilley and Cynthia Graber, co-hosts of Gastropod, alongside culinary historian Maricel Presilla and chili researcher Denise Kuhn. They explore why we crave spicy foods despite the heat. Discover chili peppers’ fascinating origins and their evolutionary journey. Find out about the unique flavors of various chili species and the science behind their burn. Learn how peppers traveled the globe, influencing cuisines, and hear about the rise of super hot varieties and their cultural impact.
Chili peppers evolved to produce capsaicin, deterring mammals while allowing birds to disperse their seeds, ensuring survival and spread.
The introduction of chili peppers to Europe by Columbus transformed culinary practices, leading to their integration into diverse global cuisines.
Deep dives
The Origins of Chili Peppers
Chili peppers trace their origins to South America, evolving from a common ancestor shared with tomatoes approximately 20 million years ago. To ensure their survival, these peppers developed capsaicin, an alkaloid that creates a painful sensation for mammals, deterring them from consuming the seeds. Conversely, birds are unaffected by capsaicin and play a crucial role in the propagation of chili plants, as they can eat the seeds and disperse them without destroying them. This evolutionary adaptation allowed chili peppers to flourish and spread beyond their native regions.
The Benefits of Spiciness
Early humans were likely attracted to spicy peppers for their unique benefits, such as repelling insects and inhibiting fungal growth. The capsaicin present in peppers can help preserve food and make bland diets more palatable, enhancing the flavors of starchy foods. This dynamic interaction not only improved food safety but also added excitement to otherwise monotonous meals. As a result, chili peppers became an integral component of ancient cuisines, elevating simple dishes to full gastronomic experiences.
Cultural Spread of Chili Peppers
The introduction of chili peppers to Europe began in the late 15th century when Columbus brought them back from the Americas, initially seeking black pepper. Chili peppers quickly gained popularity in Spain and were democratized across social classes, leading to regional varieties developing throughout Europe. The Portuguese played a significant role in spreading chili peppers to Africa and Asia, where they adapted to local cuisines and became staples in many cultures, particularly in India and China. Today, chili peppers are deeply embedded in these culinary traditions, often considered essential components of many dishes.
The Science of Heat and Modern Trends
The heat from chili peppers is measured in Scoville units, which quantify the amount of capsaicin present in the fruit. Modern breeding has produced a variety of super hot peppers, which can exceed one million Scoville units, creating a competitive landscape for both growers and spice enthusiasts. Some individuals seek out extreme heat for the thrill it provides, similar to the excitement of roller coasters, as they enjoy the adrenaline rush associated with spicy foods. However, this increasing intensity has raised questions about the potential health impacts associated with consuming very hot peppers.
This week we’ve got a spicy treat for you: a show called Gastropod. Hosts Nicola Twilley and Cynthia Graber dig into the world of food and serve up a forkful of science, plus a dash of history. In this episode: chili peppers! Why do we love spicy things when they set our mouths on fire? Plus, where did chilis come from — and how did they take over the world?
Find more Gastropod here: https://gastropod.com/
Gastropod thanks: the Somerville, Mass., store Christina’s Spices, which ships all around the country—they have the best selection of chiles Cynthia has found anywhere online, even compared to places that specialize in chiles. And if you want to do a tasting, you’ll want the New Mexico State University Chile Pepper Institute chile tasting wheel, which Danise helped develop. It’s got heat profile notes and flavor notes and it’s a lot of fun to use. Thanks also to Maricel Presilla, Danise Coon, Harold McGee, Pam Dalton, and Edward Wang.
Science Vs is hosted and executive produced by Wendy Zukerman; our producers are Michelle Dang, Rose Rimler, Meryl Horn and Ekedi Fausther-Keeys. Editing by Blythe Terrell. Mix and sound design by Bumi Hidaka. Music by Peter Leonard, Emma Munger and Bobby Lord.