In this engaging conversation, historian Jonathan Clark delves into the complexities of The Enlightenment. He critiques modern interpretations, suggesting they often misrepresent the era's sociability and practices. Clark explores the French Enlightenment's diverse thinkers like Voltaire and Diderot, emphasizing nuanced historical narratives. He also unpacks Kant’s essay on intellectual freedom, challenging common perceptions about authority's role during the period. The discussion ultimately reflects on the Enlightenment’s ideals of universality and democracy in today's context.
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Enlightenment: A Recent Term
The Enlightenment wasn't a recognized entity in the 18th century, but rather a later construct.
Despite increased literacy and scientific discovery, it wasn't conceptualized then.
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Enlightenment as a Process, Not a Movement
In the 18th century, individual enlightenment existed, but not a unified Enlightenment.
"Enlightenment" meant acquiring information or solving problems, similar to "Aufklärung".
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The Public Sphere and Its Limitations
Habermas's idea of Enlightenment as a bourgeois public sphere is partially true.
Coffee houses and salons fostered discussions, but impoliteness and arguments were common.
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In 'Enlightenment Now', Steven Pinker presents a comprehensive argument that the values of the Enlightenment—reason, science, and humanism—have been instrumental in the progress of human society. He challenges the prevailing pessimism in modern discourse by presenting empirical evidence that life, health, prosperity, safety, peace, knowledge, and happiness are on the rise globally. Pinker uses data and graphs to illustrate improvements in various aspects of human life, such as increased life expectancy, reduced child and maternal mortality, and advancements in medicine and technology. He also addresses the psychological biases that lead people to underestimate these improvements and emphasizes the importance of continuing to uphold Enlightenment ideals to ensure further progress.
The God Delusion
Richard Dawkins
In 'The God Delusion', Richard Dawkins argues that the belief in a supernatural creator, God, is almost certainly false and qualifies as a delusion. He examines God in various forms, from the Old Testament to the Celestial Watchmaker, and critiques the major arguments for religion. Dawkins discusses how religion fuels war, fosters bigotry, and abuses children, and he advocates for atheism as a morally and intellectually fulfilling worldview. The book also explores the relationship between religion and morality, suggesting that morality can exist independently of religion, and argues against the teaching of religion in schools as a form of indoctrination[2][3][4].
The Enlightenment has become weaponised over recent years. Numerous public figures, not all of them historians, have lined up to state defiantly that it needs protecting from... postmodernity? populism? religion?... take your pick.
But what is - or was - The Enlightenment? What are we being called to defend here? Is The Enlightenment actually a thing? Was it even “a thing” in the first place? And if not, when did we start talking about it, and why?
Purchase a copy of Jonathan's book here: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Enlightenment-Idea-Its-History/dp/0198916280
Reading Our Times 
