Lawfare Archive: The Biden Administration's Grand Strategy in Three Documents, with Richard Fontaine
Aug 24, 2024
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Richard Fontaine, CEO of the Centre for a New American Security and a former National Security Council official, dives deep into Biden’s recent strategic documents. He discusses how the National Security Strategy, National Defense Strategy, and Nuclear Posture Review outline U.S. foreign policy amidst threats from China, Russia, and North Korea. Fontaine highlights the administration's evolving approach to national security, balancing non-intervention in the Middle East with commitments to democracy, and assesses the implications of these strategies on global cooperation.
The Biden administration's nuclear strategy reflects a shift in focus towards China and Russia as primary threats, emphasizing updated deterrence mechanisms.
Recent geopolitical events, especially the Ukraine invasion, have necessitated a reevaluation of U.S. security priorities to address immediate and long-term threats.
The concept of integrated deterrence signifies a strategic evolution that combines military, diplomatic, and economic resources to enhance national security.
Deep dives
Reorientation of Nuclear Strategy
The Biden administration has introduced a highly classified nuclear strategy emphasizing coordinated confrontations with nuclear powers such as Russia, China, and North Korea. The strategy reflects an urgent response to the rapid growth of China's nuclear arsenal, which is expected to soon rival that of the United States and Russia. It positions Russia as an 'acute threat' while framing China as a long-term challenger, altering America's deterrence focus more than previous policy iterations. This shift indicates a commitment to updating national defense mechanisms to address new geopolitical realities brought forth by these powers.
Impact of Global Events on Strategy Formation
Recent global events, particularly Russia's invasion of Ukraine, have significantly impacted the formulation of U.S. national security strategies. The invasion necessitated a reevaluation of previously established priorities, compelling the Biden administration to escalate focus on immediate threats while recognizing the persistent challenge posed by China. These incidents prompted the U.S. to draw clearer distinctions between short-term threats and longer-term strategic objectives, illustrating the need for adaptive security measures. Ultimately, the shifting landscape underlined the urgency of reassessing foreign policy tenets in light of newly emergent risks.
Importance of Integrated Deterrence
The concept of integrated deterrence has gained prominence in U.S. defense discussions, encapsulating the need to unify military, diplomatic, and economic assets to fortify national security. This multifaceted approach suggests a coordinated application of U.S. capabilities across various domains, indicating a shift from traditional deterrence strategies. By emphasizing integrated deterrence, the administration aims to address sophisticated threats collaboratively instead of relying solely on conventional military capabilities. This marks a strategic evolution where cross-domain operations play a crucial role in responding to global challenges.
Evolving U.S. Foreign Policy Dynamics
The Biden administration must navigate a complex foreign policy landscape that wrestles with both autocratic competition and the necessity for collaboration on global challenges like climate change and economic stability. This dualistic approach stresses the need to engage with various nations—many of which do not adhere to democratic principles—while also managing a competitive relationship with revisionist powers like China and Russia. The strategy articulates a balance between defending U.S. interests and values and recognizing practical diplomatic necessities, illustrating moral and pragmatic tensions inherent in modern geopolitics. This dynamic highlights the challenge of harmonizing democratic ideals with geopolitical realities.
Counterterrorism and Regional Engagement
The relative downplaying of counterterrorism efforts in recent U.S. strategy documents raises questions about national focus amid ongoing global threats. While the Biden administration acknowledges various transnational threats, the document treats issues like counterterrorism less prominently than previous strategies, signaling a shift in priority. Concurrently, the administration aims to diminish military interventionism in the Middle East, suggesting an intent to redefine U.S. engagement in the region. This evolution may reflect both a response to the changing nature of threats and an attempt to allocate resources toward broader strategic competitions with major powers.
From November 1, 2022: In recent weeks, the Biden administration has released a trio of long-awaited strategy documents, including the National Security Strategy, the National Defense Strategy, and the Nuclear Posture Review. But how should we read these documents, and what do they actually tell us about how the Biden administration intends to approach the world?
To answer these questions, Lawfare senior editor Scott R. Anderson sat down with Richard Fontaine, chief executive officer of the Center for a New American Security, who is himself also a former National Security Council official and senior congressional adviser. They discussed the role these strategy documents play in U.S. foreign policy, what we can learn from them, and what they say about the state of the world and the United States’ role in it.