Steven Hahn, "Illiberal America: A History" (Norton, 2024)

Apr 24, 2025

Steven Hahn, a Pulitzer Prize-winning historian and professor at New York University, unpacks the deep-seated illiberalism in American history in his new book. He challenges the belief that recent political upheavals are anomalies, revealing that exclusionary practices have long been woven into the fabric of American democracy. Hahn explores the tension between liberal ideals and illiberal traditions, examining historical movements for civil rights and the complicated intersections of race and gender. His insights urge listeners to reconsider the true narratives of American democratic evolution.

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INSIGHT

Defining Illiberalism in America

Illiberalism in America involves belief in inequality, assigned hierarchies, cultural homogeneity, and violence to maintain power.
Rights are seen as limited and local, with community will often overriding individual rights and rule of law.

INSIGHT

Historical Roots of January 6th

The January 6th Capitol attack was unprecedented nationally but reflects long histories of local overthrow and violence.
Decentralization and local power in the U.S. has often involved repressive, violent, illiberal practices rooted in state control.

INSIGHT

Decentering Liberalism in US History

Liberalism has been central to American narratives, but its dominance masks a multiplicity of political currents including illiberal and non-liberal traditions.
Decentering liberalism helps understand the full complexity of American political history beyond consensus myths.

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If your reaction to the January 6, 2021, insurrection at the Capitol was to think, 'That’s not us,' think again. In Illiberal America: A History (Norton, 2024), a Pulitzer Prize–winning historian uncovers a powerful illiberalism as deep-seated in the American past as the founding ideals.

A storm of illiberalism, building in the United States for years, unleashed its destructive force in the Capitol insurrection of January 6, 2021. The attack on American democracy and images of mob violence led many to recoil, thinking “That’s not us.” But now we must think again, for Steven Hahn shows in his startling new history that illiberalism has deep roots in our past. To those who believe that the ideals announced in the Declaration of Independence set us apart as a nation, Hahn shows that Americans have long been animated by competing values, equally deep-seated, in which the illiberal will of the community overrides individual rights, and often protects itself by excluding perceived threats, whether on grounds of race, religion, gender, economic status, or ideology.

Driven by popular movements and implemented through courts and legislation, illiberalism is part of the American bedrock. The United States was born a republic of loosely connected states and localities that demanded control of their domestic institutions, including slavery. As white settlement expanded west and immigration exploded in eastern cities, the democracy of the 1830s fueled expulsions of Blacks, Native Americans, Catholics, Mormons, and abolitionists. After the Civil War, southern states denied new constitutional guarantees of civil rights and enforced racial exclusions in everyday life. Illiberalism was modernized during the Progressive movement through advocates of eugenics who aimed to reduce the numbers of racial and ethnic minorities as well as the poor. The turmoil of the 1960s enabled George Wallace to tap local fears of unrest and build support outside the South, a politics adopted by Richard Nixon in 1968. Today, with illiberalism shaping elections and policy debates over guns, education, and abortion, it is urgent to understand its long history, and how that history bears on the present crisis.

Steven Hahn is an acclaimed historian whose works include A Nation Under Our Feet, winner of the Pulitzer Prize and the Bancroft Prize, and A Nation Without Borders. He is professor of history at New York University.

Morteza Hajizadeh is a Ph.D. graduate in English from the University of Auckland in New Zealand. His research interests are Cultural Studies; Critical Theory; Environmental History; Medieval (Intellectual) History; Gothic Studies; 18th and 19th Century British Literature. YouTube channel. Twitter.

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