272 | Leslie Valiant on Learning and Educability in Computers and People
Apr 15, 2024
01:08:17
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Leslie Valiant, pioneer in understanding how computers learn, discusses the importance of educability in humans and AI. They explore the learning process, computational complexity, human uniqueness, and the intersection of induction and computer science. Valiant delves into the evolution of learning algorithms, parallels between human cognition and machine learning, and ethical concerns in AI development.
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Quick takeaways
Computational learning theory plays a crucial role in bridging human learning with machine learning algorithms.
Survival serves as the feedback mechanism for learning in biological systems, illustrating the efficiency of Darwinian evolution.
Educability distinguishes humans by enabling the transfer and generalization of knowledge, emphasizing the importance of learning to solve complex problems.
Deep dives
Evolution of AI Learning Algorithms
The podcast delves into the evolution of learning algorithms in AI, emphasizing the importance of understanding how humans can simulate learning for machines. It highlights the role of computational learning theory and the challenges faced in marrying reasoning with machine learning. The conversation explores the efficiency of learning processes, drawing parallels between the functioning of large language models and the concept of being approximately correct in predictions.
Learning in Nature and Darwinian Evolution
The discussion expands to the application of probably approximately correct learning in natural processes like Darwinian evolution. It posits the concept of survival as the feedback mechanism for learning in biological systems. The conversation raises questions about the efficiency of Darwinian evolution as an algorithm for solving problems faced by living organisms, pointing out the need for further exploration into the mutation process.
Human Educability and Uniqueness
Transitioning to human uniqueness, the podcast explores the concept of educability as distinct from learning. It introduces the idea that humans possess the ability to be educated, emphasizing the importance of the capacity to learn how to solve complex problems rather than solely focusing on knowledge acquisition. The conversation shifts to the theory of human uniqueness, proposing that the ability to be educable sets humans apart by enabling them to transfer and generalize new information in ways distinct from other animals.
Understanding Educability and its Impact on Civilization
Educability, as defined by the podcast guest, encompasses three fundamental aspects crucial for human development. Firstly, learning from experience, akin to pack learning, is essential and not unique to humans. The ability to chain acquired knowledge across different contexts is the second crucial component. This necessitates ensuring the coherence of knowledge when combined. Finally, the human trait of not merely learning from experience but also acquiring knowledge from others directly, such as theories or teachings, distinguishes educability. This model proposes that the integration of these three aspects defines human uniqueness and influences societal advancement.
Redefining Intelligence Through the Lens of Educability
The podcast sheds light on the ambiguity surrounding the concept of intelligence and its contrast with educability. Intelligence lacks explicit definition, leading to challenges in assessment and understanding. Unlike intelligence, educability, as explicitly defined, offers a clear framework for human capacity development. The discussion emphasizes the significance of educability over intelligence in shaping individuals and fostering societal progress, highlighting the need for a shift in focus towards enhancing educability for comprehensive human growth and adaptation in a dynamic world.
Science is enabled by the fact that the natural world exhibits predictability and regularity, at least to some extent. Scientists collect data about what happens in the world, then try to suggest "laws" that capture many phenomena in simple rules. A small irony is that, while we are looking for nice compact rules, there aren't really nice compact rules about how to go about doing that. Today's guest, Leslie Valiant, has been a pioneer in understanding how computers can and do learn things about the world. And in his new book, The Importance of Being Educable, he pinpoints this ability to learn new things as the crucial feature that distinguishes us as human beings. We talk about where that capability came from and what its role is as artificial intelligence becomes ever more prevalent.
Leslie Valiant received his Ph.D. in computer science from Warwick University. He is currently the T. Jefferson Coolidge Professor of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics at Harvard University. He has been awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship, the Knuth Prize, and the Turing Award, and he is a member of the National Academy of Sciences as well as a Fellow of the Royal Society and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He is the pioneer of "Probably Approximately Correct" learning, which he wrote about in a book of the same name.