The Black Death: the Rise of Women, Witches & the Peasant’s Revolt
Oct 13, 2023
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Discover how the Black Death in 14th century England led to increased autonomy and opportunities for women. Learn about the challenges of researching women's history and uncovering their forgotten voices. Explore the societal pushback against sex workers and women during the Black Death, and the subsequent pushback on women's rights. Find out about changes in laws surrounding domestic violence and women's involvement in the peasants revolt.
The Black Death in the 14th century allowed women to gain autonomy, inherit businesses, and enter different trades due to a decrease in the male population.
Women healers faced skepticism and exclusion during the Black Death, leading to the eradication of their profession and perpetuating the belief that women were responsible for spreading diseases.
Deep dives
The Impact of the Black Death on Women's Lives
The Black Death in the 14th century had a profound impact on women's roles and opportunities. With a significant decrease in the male population, women were able to inherit businesses, take up leases, and become skilled workers. Elite women enjoyed newfound freedom from male control, while working-class women benefited the most, as they could enter different trades, gain economic independence, and even assume roles of leadership in their communities. However, this liberation was short-lived, as a deliberate pushback occurred when employers sought to lower wages and restrict women's mobility. Additionally, laws were enacted to curb the autonomy and influence of women, such as making it a crime for women to kill their husbands, equating it with petty treason. The Black Death brought both temporary empowerment and subsequent challenges for women in medieval Europe.
The Role of Women Healers and the Pushback Against Them
During the Black Death, skepticism emerged towards healers and practitioners due to the inability to prevent or cure the disease. Women healers faced particular scrutiny and derision as the pandemic shook people's faith in their abilities. This skepticism towards women healers was further compounded by the formation of guilds and medical institutions that excluded women from obtaining licenses and practicing medicine. The derogation of women healers escalated during the witchcraft scare under King James I, perpetuating the belief that women were responsible for spreading diseases. This led to a hostile environment for women practitioners and the eradication of their profession.
Women's Leadership in the Peasants' Revolt
The Peasants' Revolt, which occurred after the Black Death, is often overlooked in terms of women's participation and leadership. While history commonly attributes the revolt to Wat Tyler, it fails to acknowledge the significant role played by women. Women were crucial leaders, with two women marching alongside Tyler, breaking open Canterbury Jail to free rebels and even beheading the Chief Justice of England. This uprising marked a notable moment of women's engagement in protest and resistance against social and economic injustices, challenging traditional gender roles and authority structures.
The Brief Liberation and Subsequent Pushback for Women
The Black Death temporarily brought about a period of liberation for women, allowing them to step into roles traditionally dominated by men. They entered the workforce, inherited businesses, and gained economic independence. However, this newfound freedom was short-lived as society pushed back against women's advancements. Employers formed alliances to suppress wages, restrict mobility, and reinforce gender-based pay disparities. Additionally, legislation was enacted that punished women who killed their husbands, treating it as petty treason. Despite the subsequent challenges, the effects of the Black Death demonstrated the potential for women to break free from societal constraints and exert agency in medieval Europe.
There’s not much good to come out of a plague, especially a bubonic plague in the 14th century. A pandemic which definitely didn't involve zoom quizzes and a video montage of celebrities singing 'Imagine' by John Lennon (actually, maybe they were better off in the 1300s).
But something extraordinary happened after The Black Death, which killed around half of the population in England. Because of a shortage of men, women had more autonomy and opportunities; from work and apprenticeships, to being able to rent land in their own name.
Kate is Betwixt the Sheets with Philippa Gregory to talk about how women's lives were impacted by the plague.
Philippa's new book: Normal Women: 900 Years of Making History, is out on the 26th October.
This podcast was edited by Tomos Delargy and produced by Stuart Beckwith. The senior producer was Charlotte Long.
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