Divine Causality and Human Freedom | Prof. W. Matthews Grant
Jan 31, 2025
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W. Matthews Grant, a prominent philosopher and expert on Aquinas, dives deep into the intricacies of divine causality and human freedom. He discusses how God's role as the ultimate source of existence aligns with human autonomy, referencing insights from thinkers like Alvin Plantinga. Grant challenges conventional views, proposing a 'both-and' framework to reconcile God's influence and moral responsibility. His engaging exploration highlights the complexity of divine agency, offering a fresh perspective on the relationship between faith and free will.
The doctrine of divine universal causality emphasizes that God is the ultimate cause of all existence while allowing for human free will.
Philosophers like Aquinas argue against anthropomorphic models of divine agency, promoting a more coherent understanding of God's relationship to human actions.
Deep dives
Divine Universal Causality
The doctrine of divine universal causality asserts that God is the ultimate source and cause of everything that exists apart from Himself. This traditional perspective is supported by thinkers like St. Augustine, St. Anselm, and St. Thomas Aquinas, who argue that everything other than God owes its existence to Him. A crucial question arises regarding whether God's causality extends to human free actions, as many believe that if God causes our actions, then those actions cannot be considered free. However, the theological tradition counters this by suggesting that free acts can be understood as both caused by God and free in their execution.
Human Freedom and Divine Causation
The tension between divine causation and human freedom is highlighted through the views of philosophers like Alvin Plantinga, who contends that if God causes an action, then the action cannot be free. Yet, major thinkers within the Catholic tradition argue that God can cause our actions while still allowing them to be free. Saint Anselm and St. Thomas Aquinas suggest that God is the cause of our actions, affirming the notion that free will is not diminished by divine causality. This perspective also finds support in scriptural interpretations, which indicate a duality in the relationship between divine action and human decision-making.
Anthropomorphic Models of Divine Agency
The discussion on divine causality often suffers from anthropomorphic models, which inaccurately envision God's agency as merely an amplified version of human agency. These models, like the prior divine decree and act models, introduce a notion where God's will functions like human decision-making, suggesting a determinism that limits human freedom. Saint Thomas Aquinas cautions against these anthropomorphic conceptions, emphasizing that they violate the doctrine of divine simplicity. By attributing composite features to God, these models erroneously suggest that God's choices constrain or determine human actions.
Extrinsic Model of Divine Agency
A proposed resolution to affirm both divine causality and human freedom is the extrinsic model of divine agency, which locates God's causative action outside of His essence. According to this model, God's act of causing an effect is understood as the existence of that effect in relation to Him, rather than as an inherent part of God's being. This avoids the problem of determinism by not introducing a factor that is both prior to human actions and outside of their control. Therefore, this approach allows for a coherent understanding where human actions can be free while still being acknowledged as products of divine causality.
W. Matthews Grant is Professor and Chair in the Department of Philosophy at University of St. Thomas (MN), and Associate Editor of the American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly. His articles have focused on Aquinas and the Philosophy of God, particularly issues having to do with the divine nature and God’s relationship to human freedom.
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