Julian: the Roman emperor who (almost) changed the world
May 30, 2024
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Professor Philip Freeman discusses Julian, the Roman emperor who almost changed the world by reviving paganism. Topics include Constantine's conversion to Christianity, Julian's strategic moves, his religious reforms, and impact on Roman history.
Julian's background and education in philosophy influenced his ambition to revive paganism in contrast to the growing influence of Christianity in Rome.
Despite initial attempts at religious toleration, Julian's aggressive actions against Christianity and failed attempts at religious reforms led to his vision for paganism in the Roman Empire ultimately failing.
Deep dives
Julian's Challenging Early Life and Rise to Power
Julian, born in 331 AD into a Christian family, faced a tumultuous childhood as many of his close family members were killed in power struggles among Constantine's sons. Despite being kept at arm's length by Constantius, Julian received a stellar education and developed a deep interest in philosophy and neo-Platonism. Eventually, Constantius appointed Julian as Caesar of the West due to the need for assistance in managing the Roman Empire, even though Julian had no prior experience in administration or military affairs.
Julian's Ambition in Religious Reforms
After becoming the sole emperor of the Roman Empire, Julian sought to promote paganism by creating religious toleration and challenging the privileges granted to Christianity. Despite initially avoiding violent persecutions against Christians, Julian gradually escalated his actions by issuing edicts restricting Christian practices and attempting to organize a unified pagan church. However, his attempts to roll back Christianity and his ambitious religious reforms faced lukewarm reception and opposition, leading to eventual atrocities against Christians.
Julian's Unfinished Legacy and Abrupt End
Julian's reign was marked by an ambitious but short-lived attempt to reshape Roman religious landscape. His plans to rebuild the Jewish temple and establish paganism as a prominent faith faced challenges and ultimately did not materialize fully. Julian's premature death in a failed military campaign against Persia abruptly ended his reign and religious reforms. Subsequent Roman emperors reverted back to promoting Christianity, signaling the end of Julian's vision to revive paganism as a dominant force in the Roman Empire.
It's one of the great what-ifs of ancient history. After Constantine the Great had converted Rome to Christianity it seemed that the faith's progress was inevitable, but just a few decades later a new pagan emperor sought to turn back the clock and reinstate the old gods – only to die before his plan was completed. That emperor was Julian – and his story is the subject of a new book by Professor Philip Freeman. Philip spoke to Rob Attar about a remarkable man who almost turned world history on its head.