Xiangli Ding, "Hydropower Nation: Dams, Energy, and Political Changes in Twentieth-Century China" (Cambridge UP, 2024)
Feb 15, 2025
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Xiangli Ding, an associate professor at the Rhode Island School of Design, dives deep into China’s hydropower evolution. He discusses how hydropower projects have not only shaped the energy landscape but also impacted ecosystems and communities. Xiangli highlights the political motivations behind these developments and the human cost of reservoir displacements. He contrasts historical practices with modern technologies, showcasing the intricate relationship between water management and state power in 20th-century China.
Hydropower projects significantly transformed China's energy landscape while also causing environmental degradation and displacing local populations.
The concept of 'hydropower nation' illustrates the interplay between technological advancements, state power, and ecological changes in modern China.
Deep dives
The Impact of Hydropower Projects
Hydropower projects have played a significant role in transforming China's energy landscape and societal structure throughout the 20th century. The development of large-scale hydropower projects, such as those on the Yellow River, has fundamentally altered not only the electricity supply but also the country's rivers and ecosystems. Such infrastructural advancements, while providing energy, have also led to environmental degradation and displacement of local populations. By examining the dual nature of hydropower—its constructive benefits and destructive costs—this exploration highlights the complex consequences of these projects on both human lives and the natural environment.
Hydropower Nation Concept
The concept of 'hydropower nation' serves as a critical framework for understanding the intertwined relationship between technological advancements, state power, and ecological changes in modern China. It emphasizes the duality of hydropower, representing both the constructive power of energy generation and the destructive impact on communities and ecosystems. Historical narratives indicate that elites in early 20th-century China believed in harnessing hydropower to achieve national independence and strength, effectively intertwining the notion of energy development with state-building. This framework encourages a comprehensive analysis of hydropower's role in shaping China’s political and environmental landscapes.
The Role of Political Actors in Hydropower Development
The development of hydropower in China involved a collaborative effort among various political actors, engineers, and foreign consultants throughout the 20th century. Western missionaries and educated Chinese elites were pivotal in introducing modern hydropower technologies and concepts during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Key governmental bodies, such as the National Resources Commission during the 1930s and 1940s, oversaw the planning and implementation of hydropower projects, which were essential for the nation's modernization efforts. As political circumstances shifted after 1949, Soviet engineers also contributed significantly to advancing China’s hydropower initiatives, reflecting the international dimension of this infrastructural transformation.
Displacement and Societal Impacts of Hydropower Projects
The construction of hydropower projects often led to significant human displacement, exemplified by the San Menxia project which displaced over 43,000 individuals. Many of these people experienced severe hardships, including inadequate compensation, as they were forcibly removed from their homes to make way for reservoirs. The consequences of such large-scale projects extend beyond physical displacement; they have profound social and psychological effects on communities, which often remain overlooked in the narratives surrounding state development. Recognizing these adverse impacts is crucial for creating more sustainable and equitable approaches to future hydropower projects and addressing the histories of affected communities.
As a rising infrastructure powerhouse, China has the largest electricity generation capacity in the world today. Its number of large dams is second to none. In Hydropower Nation: Dams, Energy, and Political Changes in Twentieth-Century China(Cambridge UP, 2024), Xiangli Ding provides a historical understanding of China's ever-growing energy demands and how they have affected its rivers, wild species, and millions of residents. River management has been an essential state responsibility throughout Chinese history. In the industrial age, with the global proliferation of concrete dam technology, people started to demand more from rivers, particularly when required for electricity production. Yet hydropower projects are always more than a technological engineering enterprise, layered with political, social, and environmental meaning. Through an examination of specific hydroelectric power projects, the activities of engineers, and the experience of local communities and species, Ding offers a fresh perspective on twentieth-century China from environmental and technological perspectives.
Xiangli Ding is an associate professor of history at the Rhode Island School of Design. He considers himself a historian of modern China and environmental history. At RISD, he teaches courses on East Asian and Chinese histories. His research interests lie at the intersection of the environment, technology, politics, and human life in modern China. He is the author of Hydropower Nation: Dams, Energy, and Political Changes in Twentieth-Century China (Cambridge University Press, 2024), and multiple research and review articles in both English and Chinese.
Yadong Li is a socio-cultural anthropologist-in-training. He is registered as a PhD student at Tulane University. His research interests lie at the intersection of economic anthropology, medical anthropology, hope studies, and the anthropology of borders and frontiers. More details about his scholarship and research interests can be found here.