David Schmidtz, Professor at the University of Arizona, discusses the ideas of John Rawls and Robert Nozick on economic justice. They explore Rawls' concept of fairness, the role of the state in redistribution, the notion of power and corruption, and the influence of society on individual circumstances. The chapter also delves into the dark reign of King Leopold of Belgium and sets the stage for future discussions on justice and inequality.
John Rawls' theory of justice emphasizes fairness, maximum equal liberties, and prioritizing the welfare of the least advantaged.
Robert Nozick's response challenges Rawls' theory, advocating for a historical theory based on self-ownership, limited state power, and protection of individual rights.
The debate surrounding progressive taxation raises concerns about infringement on property rights, hindrance of economic growth, and the potential abuse of state power in redistributive policies.
Deep dives
Rawls and the Theory of Justice
In this podcast episode, the host discusses the book 'A Theory of Justice' by John Rawls. Rawls presents a theory of justice that focuses on fairness and the division of resources. He argues for the principle of maximizing maximum equal liberties for all, while also acknowledging the difference principle, which allows for some inequality as long as it benefits the least advantaged. Rawls believes that a just society would prioritize the welfare of the least advantaged while still respecting individual rights and freedoms.
Nozick's Alternative Perspective
The podcast also explores Robert Nozick's response to Rawls' theory of justice in his book 'Anarchy, State, and Utopia.' Nozick argues against a patterned principle of justice and instead proposes a historical theory based on the concept of self-ownership. He contends that redistribution through progressive taxation infringes upon individual rights and can lead to tyranny. Nozick emphasizes the importance of limiting the power of the state to prevent abuse and to preserve the autonomy of individuals.
Debate on Progressive Taxation
The podcast delves into the debate surrounding progressive taxation, highlighting different arguments against it. One argument centers on the idea of property rights and individual ownership, asserting that progressive taxation for redistributive purposes infringes on these rights. Another argument focuses on the efficiency of progressive taxation, suggesting that it can hinder economic growth and reduce the overall size of the pie. Lastly, a practical argument raises concerns about the potential abuse of state power if given the authority to heavily tax and redistribute wealth. Overall, the discussion raises thought-provoking insights into the different perspectives on economic justice and the role of government in redistributive policies.
Nozick's Principle of Legitimate Transfer
Nozick argues that the legitimacy of transfers is determined by consent. According to him, the justice question is resolved by examining how the transfer occurred and whether it was voluntary. He provides an example of asking someone for a ticket and them giving it willingly compared to holding them up at gunpoint. Nozick emphasizes that even if the end result may be different, it is the voluntary nature of the transfer that determines its justice.
The Interaction of Power and Corruption
The discussion delves into the interaction between political and economic systems, highlighting concerns about power and corruption. The guest mentions how the accumulation of power often leads to its abuse and the erosion of individual freedoms. He raises the issue of bills with hidden provisions and how power is often used for personal gain instead of serving the intended purpose. The guest argues that as societies grow older and bureaucracy expands, corruption tends to increase, necessitating a critical examination of power dynamics within a liberal society.
David Schmidtz of the University of Arizona talks with EconTalk host Russ Roberts about the work of John Rawls and Robert Nozick. The conversation covers the basic ideas of Rawls and Nozick on inequality and justice and the appropriate role of the state in taxation and property rights.
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