Ep 184: Alexander Burns on the Dawn of the Modern Battlefield
Mar 14, 2025
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Alexander Burns, an Assistant Professor of History at Franciscan University and author of "Infantry in Battle 1733-1783," dives into the evolution of combat from Marlborough to Napoleon. He discusses how 18th-century warfare transformed into chaotic confrontations, emphasizing the psychological shifts in soldiers and the rise of firearms. The conversation also covers Prussian military innovations, the blending of European strategies with American tactics during the Revolutionary War, and the ideological motivations that began to shape modern enlistment.
The evolution of 18th century combat signified a shift towards cover and distance, reflecting soldiers' adaptability to brutal battlefield realities.
Frederick the Great's Prussian tactics emphasized the importance of social cohesion and ideological commitment over mere fear-based discipline in effective combat.
Deep dives
The Illusion of 18th Century Warfare
The perception of warfare in the 18th century is often romanticized, portraying battles as orderly affairs conducted by well-drilled troops in pristine formations. In reality, the battlefield during this era was evolving, reflecting increasingly chaotic and brutal conditions. Soldiers began to adapt to these harsh environments by seeking cover and avoiding close combat, which contrasts sharply with the traditional view of melee-centric battles. This shift in tactics signifies the soldiers' awareness of the dangers posed by small arms fire and their determination to survive rather than conform to outdated combat expectations.
Adapting to Evolving Combat Dynamics
The warfare methodology during the high 18th century began to emphasize the significance of firearms and the psychological impact of combat on soldiers. As military engagements became more lethal, infantrymen increasingly relied on distance and cover rather than charging headlong into battles. The examination of conflicts like the War of Polish Succession highlights this shift, where infantry would prefer to fire from a safe distance rather than engage in close-quarters melee. This adaptation reflects the soldiers' recognition of firepower's effectiveness and their desire for self-preservation amid the evolving nature of combat.
The Prussian Example and Its Influence
Frederick the Great of Prussia emerged as a pivotal figure in 18th century warfare, demonstrating a blend of disciplined training and strategic flexibility that set the benchmark for contemporary military practices. His army's successes despite numerical disadvantages inspired many European military leaders, who sought to emulate Prussian tactics and discipline. However, this admiration often led to misinterpretations that focused on rigid drill rather than understanding the underlying social cohesion and motivation of Prussian soldiers. The Prussian model illustrated that effective combat requires more than just fear-based discipline; it hinges on loyalty, camaraderie, and ideological commitment to the state.
Implications for Modern Warfare
The lessons drawn from 18th century combat dynamics remain relevant today, particularly in understanding the balance between technological advancements and traditional military structures. As new technologies like drones reshape battlefield operations, modern military forces must navigate the implications for personnel and operational efficiency. Historical perspectives on social prestige within armies shed light on how professionals in the military may react to shifts in warfare methods, often prioritizing prestige over adaptability. Recognizing this historical tension between tradition and evolution can inform contemporary strategies in military reform and recruitment efforts.
Alexander Burns, Assistant Professor of History at Franciscan University and author of Infantry in Battle 1733-1783 (From Reason to Revolution), joins the show to talk about how combat evolved in the decades between Marlborough and Napoleon.