The Safety of Work

Ep. 119: Should we ask about contributors rather than causes?

Apr 28, 2024

Exploring accident investigation techniques with a focus on systemic contributors over root causes. Critiquing traditional root cause analysis and emphasizing the importance of organizational pressures on safety incidents. Analyzing factors contributing to accidents through categorization and diagramming. Discussing organizational pressures and work adaptations in incident analysis. Reevaluating incident interpretations and investigative approaches in light of missed failure modes and learning from past events.

45:19

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Quick takeaways

Focus on contributors over causes for better safety insights.

Analyze systemic organizational pressures for understanding work adaptations.

Avoid biases in accident analysis techniques by examining broader systems.

Deep dives

Focus on Learning Breakdown Between Spacewalks

There was a breakdown in learning between the two spacewalks due to production pressure, essential tasks taking priority, and missed opportunities from not conducting detailed analysis after the initial spacewalk.

Introduction

4min

Shifting from Root Cause Analysis to Systemic Contributors

19min

Understanding the Factors Contributing to Accidents through Categorization and Diagramming

2min

Analyzing Organizational Pressures and Work Adaptations in Incident Analysis

4min

Analyzing Task Adaptation and System Context in Incident Analysis

2min

Reevaluating Incident Interpretations and Investigative Approaches

15min

Today’s paper, “Multiple Systemic Contributors versus Root Cause: Learning from a NASA Near Miss” by Katherine E. Walker et al, examines an incident wherein a NASA astronaut nearly drowned (asphyxiated) during an Extravehicular Activity (EVA 23) on the International Space Station due to spacesuit leakage. The paper introduces us to an innovative and efficient technique developed during Walker’s PhD research.

In this discussion, we reflect on the foundational elements of safety science and how organizations are tirelessly working to unearth better methods for analyzing and learning from safety incidents. We unpack the intricate findings of the investigation committee and discuss how root cause analysis can sometimes lead to the unintended consequence of adding more pressure within a system. A holistic understanding of how systems and individuals manage and adapt to these pressures may provide more meaningful insights for preventing future issues.

Wrapping up, our conversation turns to the merits of the SCAD technique, which champions the analysis of accidents as extensions of normal work. By examining the systemic organizational pressures that shape everyday work adaptations, we can better comprehend how deviations due to constant pressures may lead to incidents. We also critique current accident analysis techniques and emphasize the importance of design improvement recommendations.

Discussion Points:

History and current state of accident investigation
Systemic solutions in safety
Traditional root cause analysis challenged by new perspectives
NASA's 2013 EVA 23 space walk incident examined
Organizational pressures and their impact on safety
SCAD technique for accident analysis efficiency
Shift from tracing causes to understanding work adaptations
Emphasis on normal work analysis for accident prevention
Critique of NASA's administrative processes in safety
Cognitive biases and challenges in accident investigations
Continuous evolution of safety practices
Practical takeaways -how do you go beyond the immediate events to find broader systems and broader learnings?
Canging language away from causes to talk about pressures and contributors
The answer to our episode’s question is, “Yeah, it probably helps, but still doesn't fix the problem that we're facing with trying to get useful system changes out of investigations.”

Quotes:

“We've been doing formal investigations of accidents since the late 1700s early 1800s. Everyone, if they don't do anything else for safety, still gets involved in investigating if there's an incident that happens.” - Drew

“If you didn't have this emphasis on maximising crew time they would have been much more cautious about EVA 23” - Drew

“Saying that there's work pressure is not actually an explanation for accidents, because work pressure is normal, work pressure always exists.” - Drew

“One of the things that is absent from this technique through and they call it an accident analysis method is there is no commentary in the paper at all about how to design improvements and recommendations.” - David

Resources:

The Paper: NASA Near Miss

The Safety of Work Podcast

The Safety of Work on LinkedIn

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