Nitazenes and xylazine: what’s behind the rise of dangerous synthetic drugs?
Feb 20, 2024
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Social affairs correspondent Robert Booth discusses the rise of fatal synthetic opioids known as nitazenes in the UK, while toxicology specialist Dr Joseph D’Orazio highlights the emergence of xylazine in the illegal drug supply. They delve into the alarming increase in drug-related deaths, the dangers of these synthetic drugs, and the challenges in treating withdrawal symptoms.
Nittazines, a class of synthetic opioids, are causing fatalities among drug users in the UK due to their high potency and unknowing consumption.
Xylazine, a veterinary anesthetic, is being mixed with opioids in the illegal drug supply, posing serious risks of overdose and complications, requiring immediate attention and intervention.
Deep dives
The rise of nittazines in the UK's illegal drug supply
Nittazines, a class of synthetic opioids, have been causing fatalities among drug users in the UK. Birmingham is one of the hotspots for these deaths, with a significant increase in cases in July. Nittazines are many times stronger than heroin and fentanyl, making them incredibly dangerous, especially because users often unknowingly consume them. The problem may be related to a shift in drug production, as Afghanistan's ban on poppy farming has caused a decrease in heroin supply, leading to the emergence of alternative drugs like nittazines. The UK has seen a rise in deaths attributed to nittazines, including cases in London, Bristol, and the northeast of England.
Xylazine: A dangerous veterinary anesthetic entering the drug supply
Xylazine, a veterinary anesthetic used to sedate animals, is now being mixed with opioids in the illegal drug supply. It is being found in bags of opioids across the US, with Philadelphia being a particularly affected area. Xylazine causes sedation and can compound the respiratory depression caused by opioids, increasing the risk of overdose. It is also associated with severe wounds, often occurring at injection sites. The drug's impact on addiction and withdrawal is not yet fully understood, but patients often avoid seeking medical care for fear of not being able to manage xylazine withdrawal symptoms. Greater research, education, and surveillance systems are needed to address the growing presence and dangers of xylazine in the drug supply.
The urgent need for action and awareness
The strength and risks associated with nittazines and xylazine require immediate action and greater awareness. Public health authorities, doctors, and the police are concerned about the prevalence of these drugs in the illegal drug supply. As heroin supply from Afghanistan dwindles, there is a growing demand for alternative drugs, leading to an increased risk of dangerous substances entering the market. While some drug users who plan their purchases more carefully can take precautions and practice harm reduction, those living in chaotic and vulnerable situations, such as individuals in hostels, are more susceptible to the dangers of these drugs. There is an urgent need to protect the most vulnerable in society and provide resources for testing and intervention to mitigate the risks.
Social affairs correspondent Robert Booth tells Madeleine Finlay why a class of synthetic opioids called nitazenes, first developed in the 1950s, is leading to a worrying number of fatal overdoses in the UK. And she hears from toxicology and addiction specialist Dr Joseph D’Orazio about a tranquilliser called xylazine that has been showing up in alarming volumes in the US illegal drug supply and is now starting to appear in toxicology reports in the UK. Help support our independent journalism at theguardian.com/sciencepod
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