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Iraq's Complex Social Landscape
- Iraq’s social fabric is ethnically and religiously diverse, unlike Jordan.
- Sectarian divisions were manageable historically, with strong national unity efforts.
Sectarian-Class Dynamics in Lebanon
- French colonialism in Lebanon sought to establish a Christian-dominated state.
- Sectarian divisions intersected with class, marginalizing the Shia majority economically and politically.
British Colonial Strategy in Gulf
- British colonialism in the Gulf created buffer zones managed from India.
- The British protected coastal states to prevent Saudi expansion inland and along the coasts.