Why are we still waiting for a male contraceptive pill?
Feb 8, 2024
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Prof Lisa Campo-Engelstein and Prof Chris Barratt discuss the challenges in developing a male contraceptive pill, including societal norms, limited funding, and ongoing research. They explore the potential changes in gender norms and trust if men had more contraceptive options. Non-hormonal male pill enters human trials in the UK.
Social norms and funding priorities have hindered the development of male contraceptives, but progress is being made with non-hormonal options.
Developing male contraceptives faces unique challenges in selectively targeting sperm without harming other cells, but researchers are making progress in discovering drugs that can inhibit sperm movement.
Deep dives
Challenges Faced by Male Contraceptives
For decades, the development of male contraceptives has lagged behind women's contraceptive options. This is partly due to social norms that associate reproductive responsibility with women. Funding for women's reproductive health has been prioritized, while research challenging traditional gender roles has been hindered. Furthermore, pharmaceutical companies have shown less interest in funding male contraceptives, citing concerns about profitability. However, progress is being made in the field of non-hormonal male contraceptives, with promising methods being explored, such as drugs that affect sperm movement or block access to vitamin A.
Scientific and Technical Challenges
Developing male contraceptives brings unique biological challenges. Unlike women's contraceptives that target one egg per month, male contraceptives need to block thousands of sperm cells. This can be achieved by interrupting sperm production or affecting their movement. Finding compounds that selectively target sperm without harming other cells is a complex process with limited success. However, researchers worldwide are making progress in discovering drugs that can inhibit sperm movement, though further studies are needed to ensure safety and effectiveness.
Changing Gender Norms and Trust
There is growing interest among men, especially younger, urban, and educated men, in having male contraceptive options. Paternity leave and active involvement in childcare indicate changing gender roles. Studies show that women in long-term monogamous relationships trust their partners with contraception. However, trust in men outside of those relationships remains a concern. Cultural norms and stereotyping contribute to this distrust. Nonprofit organizations such as the Male Contraceptive Initiative are now dedicated to advancing male contraceptives, increasing hope for future progress.
Despite research into a male contraceptive pill starting around the same time as its female counterpart, no product has ever made it to market. But that could soon change, with a new non-hormonal male pill entering human trials in the UK late last year. Ian Sample speaks to bioethicist Prof Lisa Campo-Engelstein of the University of Texas and Prof Chris Barratt from the University of Dundee about why male contraceptives have been so difficult to develop, and what kind of options are in the pipeline. Help support our independent journalism at theguardian.com/sciencepod
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