S10 E04: Between Past and Future: Muslim Political Philosophy in Colonial India
Feb 12, 2024
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Explore Muslim political philosophy in colonial India through poetry, literature, and art. Examine complex perspectives on the Mughals and their political past. Uncover the relevance and critique of an ancient book. Discover the impact of a poem on historian Saita Madkhan and the consequences of excluding it. Delve into Iqbal's radical philosophy of time and his exploration of serial and pure time.
Muslim philosophers in colonial India contemplated the relationship between the present, the past, and the future, highlighting the ambivalence towards the Mughal dynasty as a representation of both Muslim political sovereignty and British domination.
Muhammad Iqbal advocated for a philosophy of pure time, rejecting the linear progression of serial time and emphasizing the collapse of past, present, and future distinctions to liberate Indian Muslims from the sense of futility and aimlessness under colonial rule.
Deep dives
Muslim Political Philosophy in Colonial India
Muslim philosophers in colonial India considered the relationship between the present, the past, and the future. While debates on nationalism and religious difference dominated studies on Muslim thought in South Asia, it is important to note that Muslims in colonial India were also contemplating various other issues, including the concept of time. They pondered how the present related to the past and future. The complex portrayal of the Mughal dynasty, which represented both the height of Muslim political sovereignty and the loss of that sovereignty to the British, exemplifies this ambivalence. The Mughal past became a subject of reflection, examining how Muslims in colonial India negotiated their paradoxical position in relation to it.
The Emancipatory Philosophy of Time
Muhammad Iqbal, an influential 20th-century Muslim philosopher, questioned the prevalent understanding of time as a linear progression, referred to as serial time. He argued that this perspective, rooted in European philosophy, diminished the creative and transformative power of the present moment. Iqbal proposed a philosophy of pure time, which emphasized the collapse of past, present, and future distinctions. He believed that the orientation towards pure time could liberate Indian Muslims from feelings of futility and aimlessness in the face of colonial domination. By rejecting spatial conceptions of temporal existence, Iqbal aimed to reinvigorate the present and challenge the prevailing narratives of stagnation associated with Muslim culture.
Shikwa and Jawab-e-Shikwa: Renewal and Relationship to History
Muhammad Iqbal expressed his philosophical ideas through poetry as well. His poem, Shikwa (complaint), presented grievances against God from the perspective of humanity, including disillusioned Muslims within the context of colonial rule. In response, Iqbal composed Jawab-e-Shikwa (answer to the complaint) from the perspective of God, criticizing humanity's failure to live up to the greatness of previous generations. Iqbal's philosophy of time, evident in these poems, advocated for a dynamic and emancipatory engagement with history. He emphasized the need to renew one's spiritual relationship with the past and search for pure time, enabling the present to be approached with creativity and a sense of purpose.