The podcast delves into the mysterious world of Druids, their historical clash with Romans, the revival of Druidism in the 17th century, and the controversial archaeological findings hinting at sacrificial rituals by Druids. It explores their enigmatic language, leadership roles, and their mystical connection between gods and men.
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Quick takeaways
The Druids faced persecution and eradication by the Romans in ancient Britain, leading to limited historical accounts and the revival of interest in their activities in the 17th century.
Classical authors like Julius Caesar and Pliny provide contrasting views on the Druids, illustrating their intellectual nature, rituals, and the negative portrayal of Druids under Roman rule.
Deep dives
Druids in Roman Britain
The podcast delves into the earliest known case of religious persecution in the British Isles, dating back to the first century AD by the Roman Empire against the Druids. The Druids, an ancient religious order in Britain, Ireland, and Gaul, were eradicated by Roman forces, leaving limited written records. Despite the revival of interest in the 17th century, misconceptions and myths persist due to the lack of firsthand documentation of Druid beliefs and practices.
Historical References to Druids
Classical authors like Julius Caesar and Posidonius provide fragmented insights into the Druids, with some attributing the origins of Druidism to Britain. The first significant historical account dates back to Pytheas in 300 BC, whose voyages shed light on Celtic beliefs and the intellectual nature of Druids compared to philosophers like Pythagoras. Later Roman writers like Pliny portray Druids negatively, associating them with barbaric practices under Roman rule.
Deterioration of Druidism
The influence of Druidism declined due to Romanization and Christianization, restricting Druid status to non-Roman citizens and diminishing their significance. Despite being powerful figures in society, Druids faced challenges under Roman rule, leading to a gradual decrease in their prominence. The transition to Christianity and the marginalization of Druidism contributed to its eventual obscurity, with the Bardic tradition providing a limited continuity in Wales.
Druidic Practices and Stonehenge
While human sacrifice was rare and reserved for crucial situations among Druids, evidence suggests its occasional occurrence during periods of crisis. The association of Stonehenge with Druidic practices has been debated, with archaeological and historical sources offering insights into rituals like mistletoe cutting with golden sickles. Despite misconceptions, Stonehenge remains emblematic of ancient beliefs and traditions, prompting ongoing exploration of the Druids' role in its construction and usage.
Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the Druids, the priests of ancient Europe. Active in Ireland, Britain and Gaul, the Druids were first written about by Roman authors including Julius Caesar and Pliny, who described them as wearing white robes and cutting mistletoe with golden sickles. They were suspected of leading resistance to the Romans, a fact which eventually led to their eradication from ancient Britain. In the early modern era, however, interest in the Druids revived, and later writers reinvented and romanticised their activities. Little is known for certain about their rituals and beliefs, but modern archaeological discoveries have shed new light on them.
With:
Barry Cunliffe
Emeritus Professor of Archaeology at the University of Oxford
Miranda Aldhouse-Green
Professor of Archaeology at Cardiff University
Justin Champion
Professor of the History of Early Modern Ideas at Royal Holloway, University of London
Producer: Thomas Morris.
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